Pertempuran Normandie

Pertempuran Normandie berlaku pada tahun 1944 antara Jerman Nazi di Eropah Barat dan tentera Pihak Berikat yang menyerang sebagai sebahagian daripada konflik yang lebih besar untuk Perang Dunia Kedua. Operasi Overlord merupakan nama kod untuk serangan Pihak Berikat terhadap barat laut Eropah, yang bermula pada 6 Jun, 1944, dan tamat pada 19 Ogos, 1944, semasa Tentera Berikat merentasi Sungai Seine. Hingga ke enam puluh tahun selepas itu, Pertempuran Normandie ini masih kekal sebagai penyerangan amfibia yang terbesar dalam sejarah, melibatkan hampir 3 juta tentera melintasi Selat Inggeris dari England ke Normandie. Operasi Neptune merupakan nama kod bagi serangan fasa permulaan untuk Operasi Overlord; matlamatnya, untuk menambah foothold (tapak) pada benua itu, bermula pada 6 Jun 1944 (sering dikenali sebagai D-Day) dan tamat pada 30 Jun 1944.

Pertempuran Normandie
Sebahagian daripada Perang Dunia Kedua
Into the Jaws of Death oleh Robert F. Sargent. Kapal penyerang mendaratkan salah satu gelombang pertama di Pantai Omaha. Gambar menunjukkan unit Pengawal Pantai AS sebagai Kompeni E, Infantri Ke-16, 1 Division Infantri.
Tarikh 6 Jun, 1944 – 25 Ogos, 1944 Lokasi Normandie, Perancis Keputusan Kemenangan muktamad pihak Bersekutu
Pihak yang terlibat
Pihak Bersekutu United Kingdom Amerika Syarikat Kanada Perancis (Tentera Perancis Bebas) (Angkatan Tentera Poland di Barat) Australia Tentera Belgium Bebas New Zealand Belanda Norway Tentera Czechoslovakia Bebas Greece	Kuasa Paksi Jerman
Komandan dan pemimpin
Dwight D. Eisenhower (Pemerintah Tertinggi) Bersekutu Arthur Tedder (Timbalan Pemerintah Tertinggi Bersekutu) Bernard Montgomery (Kumpulan Tentera Darat Ke-21, Panglima Angkatan Darat) Bertram Ramsay (Panglima Angkatan Laut) Trafford Leigh-Mallory (Panglima Angkatan Udara) Omar Bradley (Tentera Darat 1 AS Miles Dempsey (Tentera Darat Ke-2 British)	Gerd von Rundstedt (Oberbefehlshaber West) Erwin Rommel (Heeresgruppe B) Hugo Sperrle (Luftflotte 3) Friedrich Dollmann (7 Armeeoberkommando) Hans von Salmuth (15 Armeeoberkommando) Theodor Krancke (Marinegruppenkommando West) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (Panzergruppe West)
Kekuatan
1,452,000 askar (pada 25 Julai) 2,052,299 (penghujung Ogos)	380,000 askar (pada 23 Julai) 1,000,000+ 2,200 ~2,300 kereta kebal dan perisai
Kerugian dan korban
226,386 kasualti 4,101 pesawat ~4,000 kereta kebal dan perisai	400,000 hingga 450,000 kasualti 2,127 pesawat ~2,200 kereta kebal dan perisai
Kematian orang awam: 11,000–19,000 terbunuh sebelum penyerbuan 13,632–19,890 terbunuh semasa penyerbuan Jumlah: 25,000–39,000 terkorban

Pembentukan Tentera Berikat yang utama adalah dari Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom dan Kanada. Tentera Perancis Bebas dan tentera Poland juga menyertai pertempuran ini selepas fasa permulaan serangan itu, dan juga ada kontinjen dari Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Belanda, dan Norway.

Pautan luar

• Dokumen asal: Pernyataan D-Day oleh Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Perutusan D-Day Ike Jeneral Eisenhower berucap kepada Pasukan Expeditionary Berikat pada pagi 6 Jun.
• Overlord44 French website which deals with the landings, all the Battle of Normandy, and which have a lot of other data in relation (biographies, readings, external links, museums, and so on).
• Canadians in Normandy Diarkibkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine Canadians in Normandy, 1944. Battle info, video, audio and many photos of Canadians in Normandy.
• Awesome modern day pictures from famous WWII battle fronts in Europe
• Cross-Channel Attack CMH Pub 7-4: Official U.S. Military History.
• The D-Day Museum in England
• WW2DB: The Normandy Campaign
• The National D-Day Museum in the United States Diarkibkan 2007-07-17 di Wayback Machine
• BBC WW2 history
• MilitaryHistoryOnline D-Day, Normandy, France June 6, 1944
• Utah Beach to Cherbourg CMH Pub 100-12: Official U.S. Military History.
• Juno Beach Centre
• U.S. Navy Online Library of Selected Images: Normandy invasion Diarkibkan 2004-06-26 di Wayback Machine
• Second World War Newspaper Archives — D-Day Invasion and the Normandy Campaign Diarkibkan 2007-01-03 di Wayback Machine
• The original plan document for Operation Neptune
• The original plan document for Operation Overlord
• Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Second World War
• Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Operation Overlord
• Royal Engineers Museum Diarkibkan 2009-08-14 di Wayback Machine 6th Airborne Divisional Engineers - D Day 1944

• Jeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower final order for D-day, dari Arkib Negara Amerika.
• Pengistiharan serangan akan datang kepada anak kapal kapal utama, USS Augusta (CA-31)
• Personal accounts of members of the 6th Airborne Division in Normandy (Pegasus Bridge)
• Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Normandy 1944
• D-Day: Etat des Lieux - 6 June 1944 and Battle of Normandy
• D-Day Links
• Normandie44.net
• D-Day 60th anniversary D-Day and the Battle of Normandy
• Comanche Code Talkers The story of the code talkers is one of the little-known heroic chapters of D-Day during World War II.
• Last WWII Comanche Code Talker Visits Pentagon, Arlington Cemetery Charles Chibitty, the last surviving World War II (D-Day) Comanche code talker, donned his feathered Indian chief's headdress and offered a prayer in the Pentagon Chapel.
• Aerial movie of Omaha beach and the Normandy American Cemetery Diarkibkan 2007-07-02 di Wayback Machine View from a low flying private plane
• D-Day and the US Paratroopers
• Juno Beach - The Canadians On D-Day
• The National D-Day Memorial Foundation
• 30 Commando Assault Unit - Ian Flemings 'Red Indians'
• Pegasus Bridge Museum
• Breakout From the Hedgerows: A Lesson in Ingenuity
• Encycolpedia Brittanica's Guide to Normandy 1944
• D-Day Fact Sheet
• D-Day on the Web
• D-Day Diarkibkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine
• Carwood Lipton - First Sergeant of 101st Airborne Division, 506th Regiment, 2nd Battalion, Easy Company
• Interview with Two U.S. 2nd Ranger Battalion Members Who Describe the Attack at Pointe-du-Hoc

Sumber

• The Longest Day, Cornelius Ryan, Simon & Schuster 2^nd ed., 1959, ISBN 0-671-20814-4
• D-Day, Warren Tute, John Costello, Terry Hughes, Pan Books Ltd, 1975
• Normandy 1944, Allied Landings and Breakout; Osprey Campaign Series #1; Stephen Badsey, Osprey Publishing, 1990
• Normandy 1944, German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness; Niklas Zetterling, J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing Inc., 2000, ISBN 0-921991-56-8.
• D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944, Michael J. Varhola, Savas, 2001.
• Operation Cobra 1944, Breakout from Normandy; Osprey Campaign Series #88; Steven J. Zaloga, Osprey Publishing, 2001
• D-Day 1944 (3), Sword Beach & the British Airborne Landings; Osprey Campaign Series #105; Ken Ford, Osprey Publishing, 2002
• D-Day 1944 (4), Gold & Juno Beaches; Osprey Campaign Series #112; Ken Ford, Osprey Publishing, 2002
• D-Day 1944 (1), Omaha Beach; Osprey Campaign Series #100, Steven J. Zaloga, Osprey Publishing, 2003
• D-Day 1944 (2), Utah Beach & the US Airborne Landings; Osprey Campaign Series #104, Steven J. Zaloga, Osprey Publishing, 2004
• Morning: Normandy Invasion (June–August 1944), episode 17 of BBC series The World at War (1974)
• Montgomery, Bernard Law, Nigel Hamilton, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography O.U.P. (2004)

Bibliografi

• The Battle of Normandy, 1944, Robin Neillands, Cassell, 2002
• Canada's Battle in Normandy, C.P. Stacey, Queen's Printer, 1948
• Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944-1945 Diarkibkan 2008-02-21 di Wayback Machine
• Decision in Normandy, Carlo D'Este, London, 1983
• The Second World War, John Keegan, Hutchinson, 1989
• Six Armies in Normandy, John Keegan, Penguin, 1994
• The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day, Flint Whitlock, Westview, 2004
• The Bedford Boys: One American Town's Ultimate D-Day Sacrifice, Alex Kershaw, Da Capo, 2004
• D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II, Stephen Ambrose, Simon & Schuster, 1995
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4508901.stm

Who won World War II?,Konstantin RozhnovRichard Overy, BBC News, 2005

• The Struggle For Europe, Chester Wilmot, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1997 (Written in part by Christopher Daniel McDevitt.)
• SOE, M. R. D. Foot, BBC Publications, 1984

Bacaan lanjut

• Those who wish to study the Normandy Campaign in more detail will find a number of volumes in the U.S. Army in World War II series, produced by the U.S. Army Center of Military History, particularly useful. Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel-Attack (1951), remains a basic source, but a number of other studies bear heavily upon the operation. They include:

1. Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy (1968);
2. Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit (1961);
3. Forrest C. Pogue, The Supreme Command (1954);
4. Roland G. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies (1953); and
5. Graham A. Cosmas and Albert E. Cowdrey, The Medical Department: Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations (1992).

• The Historical Division of the War Department produced three volumes on the event. All have been reprinted by the Center of Military History. Classified as the American Forces in Action series, they are:

1. OMAHA Beachhead (6 June-13 June 1944) (1989);
2. UTAH Beach to Cherbourg (1990); and
3. St. Lo (7 July-19 July 1944) (1984).

• A number of abbreviated summaries have been written. Among the most useful are:

1. Charles MacDonald, The Mighty Endeavor: American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II (1969); and
2. Charles MacDonald and Martin Blumenson, "Recovery of France," in Vincent J. Esposito, ed., A Concise History of World War II (1965).

• Memoirs by Allied commanders contain considerable information. Among the best are:

1. Omar N. Bradley, A Soldier's Story (1951);
2. Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair, A General's Life (1983);
3. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (1948);
4. Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, Normandy to the Baltic (1948); and
5. Sir Frederick Edgeworth Morgan, Overture to Overlord (1950).

• Almost as useful are biographies of leading commanders. Among the most prominent are:

1. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower (1970), and Eisenhower, Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952 (1983);
2. Nigel Hamilton, Master of the Battlefield: Monty's War Years, 1942-1944 (1983); and
3. Richard Lamb, Montgomery in Europe, 1943-1945: Success or Failure (1984).

• A number of general histories also exist, many centering on the controversies that continue to surround the campaign and its commanders. See, in particular:

1. John Colby, War From the Ground Up: The 90th Division in World War II (1989);
2. Carlo D'Este, Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign (1983);
3. Max Hastings, Overlord, D-Day, June 6, 1944 (1984);
4. John Keegan, Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (1982);
5. Robin Neillands, The Battle of Normandy 1944 (2002);
6. Stephen T. Powers, "Battle of Normandy: The Lingering Controversy," Journal of Military History 56 (1992):455-71.
7. Russell F. Weigley, Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944-45 (1981); and

• Pemberita merupakan pemerhati hadapan bagi penjajahan ini. Dua kajian mengenai hasil kerja mereka yang menonjol adalah:

1. Barney Oldfield, Never a Shot in Anger (1956); and
2. Richard Collier, Fighting Words: The Correspondents of World War II (1989). CMH Pub 72-18