Vegetarian

Vegetarianisme ialah amalan pemakanan yang mengecualikan segala daging haiwan termasuk ternakan, buruan, ikan, kerang-kerangan atau krustasia serta keluaran sampingan penyembelihan^[2]^[3]^[4] sambil menumpukan kepada hasil berasaskan sayuran dan tumbuhan (vegetarian atau mayur, dari makan sayur) sebagai ganti.^[3] Sebab-sebab memilih amalan vegetarian boleh berkaitan dengan moral, agama, budaya, etika, estetik, persekitaran, masyarakat, ekonomi, politik, citarasa, atau kesihatan.

Terdapat beberapa jenis pemakanan vegetarian ini, termasuk yang mengecualikan telur dan/atau mana-mana keluaran usaha haiwan seperti tenusu dan madu. Contohnya, amalan vegan mengecualikan kesemua produk haiwan dari pemakanan. Mengikut takrif yang lebih ketat, produk haiwan tidak digunakan sebagai pakaian juga, sama ada penghasilan pakaian atau benda-benda seumpamanya melibatkan nyawa haiwan atau tidak (tenusu, telur, madu, bulu, sutera, bulu kapas, dsb).^[5]

Pengambilan jenis makanan vegetarian didapati memuaskan keperluan khasiat untuk semua peringkat umur sepertimana pemakanan biasa berdaging jika dirancang dengan baik.^[6] Kajian-kajian selidik berskala besar telah membuktikan bahawa amalan vegetarian memanjangkan umur, menyihatkan badan, dan banyak mengurangkan risiko barah dan penyakit-penyakit lain.^[7]

Jenis

Terdapat pelbagai jenis pengamalan memakan sayuran yang berbeza tahap atau peringkat:

Vegetarianisme separa (semivegetarianism): di samping memakan makanan dengan bahan produk tumbuhan, juga memakan olahan dari makanan laut, ayam, susu, atau telur, tergantung kepada pilihan sendiri. Jenis vegetarianisme ini adalah kelompok yang paling rendah.
Lakto-vegetarianisme: pemakanan susu dan produk olahan masih dibenarkan selain bahan makanan tumbuhan
Ovo-vegetarianisme: pemakanan telur dan produk olahannya masih dibenarkan selain bahan makanan tumbuhan
Lakto-ovo-vegetarianisme: pemakanan dua-dua produk tenusu dan telur masih dibenarkan selain bahan makanan tumbuhan
Pesko-vegetarianisme: pemakanan ikan masih dibenarkan selain bahan makanan tumbuhan
Veganisme: jenis vegetarianisme paling ketat mengharamkan sejauh produk olahan haiwan termasuk madu lebah dan kulit haiwan sekalipun.

Pengamalan

Aspek agama

Sebuah "restoran sayur-sayuran" di Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia.

Pemakanan sayuran mula bertapak di India selari dengan kefahaman ahimsa atau rasa belas kasihan terhadap semua hidupan termasuk haiwan di muka Bumi dan sering diajarkan para pemikir tamadun-tamadun sana.^[8]

Agama Hindu mendasarkan kepada kitab-kitab Veda yang menyatakan semua hidupan termasuk haiwan mempunyai tenaga hidup yang sama,^[9] malah pemakanan sayuran amat digalakkan dalam kisah-kisah Ramayana dan Mahabharata.^[10]

Agama Buddha mempunyai dua pendapat berbeza mengenai pemakanan daging: ada yang menyatakan ia dibenarkan pada zaman Gautama Buddha dan para pengikutnya selagi daging tersebut merupakan pemberian orang,^[11] ada yang menyatakan ia larangan yang khusus untuk kalangan pengabdi ajarannya^[12] disokong khusus dalam aliran Mahayana.^[13] Pengamalan pemakanan sayuran selari agama Buddha dikukuhkan semasa pemerintahan Raja Asoka yang mengharamkan semua upacara penyembelihan haiwan.^[14]^[15]

Guru-guru Jain Parshwanatha dan Mahavira menjunjung tinggi fahaman ahimsa ini mengembangkan aturan pemakanan dalam agama mereka yang paling ketat berbanding agama-agama seakar lain.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Masyarakat Kristian aliran Ortodoks Habsyah memakan sayuran pada hari-hari digalakkan mengelakkan memakan daging.^[19]

Pengganti daging

Lihat juga

Veganisme

Rujukan

^ Datta, P. T. Jyothi (September 4, 2001). "Health goes dotty with brown eggs & green milk". Hindu Business Line. New Delhi: Kasturi & Sons (diterbitkan September 5, 2001). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 19, 2018. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018. For discerning consumers, a recent Health Ministry notification had made it mandatory for packed food containing animal parts contained in a box, to sport a brown dot prominently on its label.
^ "Definition from vegsoc.org". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 1999-11-28. Dicapai pada 2008-01-19.
^ ^a ^b "What is a vegetarian?". Vegetarian Society. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 18, 2018. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018. A vegetarian is someone who lives on a diet of grains, pulses, legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, fungi, algae, yeast and/or some other non-animal-based foods (e.g. salt) with, or without, dairy products, honey and/or eggs. A vegetarian does not eat foods that consist of, or have been produced with the aid of products consisting of or created from, any part of the body of a living or dead animal.
^ "Why Avoid Hidden Animal Ingredients?". North American Vegetarian Society. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 18, 2018. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018. Surprisingly, some people who consider themselves vegetarian continue to consume products that contain remains of slaughtered animals such as gelatin (made from ground-up skin and bones, found in Jell-O, supplement capsules, and photographic film) and rennet (made from the lining of calves' stomachs, used to coagulate hard cheese). Some of these people may be unaware that these hidden animal ingredients even exist. Others know about them but feel that they are just minor components of a product, and that their presence is therefore not important. [...] Many people who do not eat meat for ethical reasons do use animal by-products that are obtained while the animals are still alive. Dairy is a good example, as many vegetarians who consume it rationalize their behavior by pointing out that cows are not killed in order to provide humans with this particular by-product.
^ dictionary definition of 'Vegan'
^ "Vegetarian and vegan eating | Better Health Channel". Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada April 2, 2015. Dicapai pada March 31, 2015.
^ "Vegetarian Diets". American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-01-26. Dicapai pada 2007-12-29.
^ Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama, ed. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 13–46.
^ Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret (2010). Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ABC-CLIO. m/s. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9.
^ Michael Allen Fox (1999). Deep Vegetarianism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. m/s. 134. ISBN 978-1-59213-814-2.
^ Alsdorf (1962), m/s. 564.
^ Kapleau, Philip: To Cherish All Life, Rochester (N.Y.) 1981, p. 29-33; Page, Tony: Buddhism and Animals, London 1999; Phelps, Norm: The Great Compassion, New York 2004, p. 73-84.
^ Tähtinen p. 110-111; Phelps p. 55-70.
^ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol. 1 p. 231.
^ Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol. 2 p. 124-125; Spencer p. 85-86; Tähtinen p. 37, 107, 111.
^ Singh, Kumar Suresh (2004). People of India: Maharashtra. ISBN 9788179911006.
^ Fieldhouse, Paul (April 17, 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ISBN 9781610694124.
^ Walters, Kerry (June 7, 2012). Vegetarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed. ISBN 9781441115294.
^ "The vegetable will set you free – embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa". Mail & Guardian Africa. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 July 2015. Dicapai pada 22 October 2015.

Sumber utama

Alsdorf, Ludwig (1962). Beiträge zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien. Wiesbaden. m/s. 561–576.
Spencer, Colin (1996). The heretics feast: a history of vegetarianism. University Press of New England.
Tähtinen, Unto (1976). Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition. London: Rider.

[1] Datta, P. T. Jyothi (September 4, 2001). "Health goes dotty with brown eggs & green milk". Hindu Business Line. New Delhi: Kasturi & Sons (diterbitkan September 5, 2001). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 19, 2018. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018. For discerning consumers, a recent Health Ministry notification had made it mandatory for packed food containing animal parts contained in a box, to sport a brown dot prominently on its label.

[2] "Definition from vegsoc.org". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 1999-11-28. Dicapai pada 2008-01-19.

[vegsoc.org-3] "What is a vegetarian?". Vegetarian Society. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 18, 2018. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018. A vegetarian is someone who lives on a diet of grains, pulses, legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, fungi, algae, yeast and/or some other non-animal-based foods (e.g. salt) with, or without, dairy products, honey and/or eggs. A vegetarian does not eat foods that consist of, or have been produced with the aid of products consisting of or created from, any part of the body of a living or dead animal.

[navs-online.org-4] "Why Avoid Hidden Animal Ingredients?". North American Vegetarian Society. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 18, 2018. Dicapai pada March 18, 2018. Surprisingly, some people who consider themselves vegetarian continue to consume products that contain remains of slaughtered animals such as gelatin (made from ground-up skin and bones, found in Jell-O, supplement capsules, and photographic film) and rennet (made from the lining of calves' stomachs, used to coagulate hard cheese). Some of these people may be unaware that these hidden animal ingredients even exist. Others know about them but feel that they are just minor components of a product, and that their presence is therefore not important. [...] Many people who do not eat meat for ethical reasons do use animal by-products that are obtained while the animals are still alive. Dairy is a good example, as many vegetarians who consume it rationalize their behavior by pointing out that cows are not killed in order to provide humans with this particular by-product.

[5] tionary definition of 'Vegan'

[6] "Vegetarian and vegan eating | Better Health Channel". Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada April 2, 2015. Dicapai pada March 31, 2015.

[7] "Vegetarian Diets". American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2016-01-26. Dicapai pada 2007-12-29.

[rv2-8] Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama, ed. Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess, Albany 2001, p. 13–46.

[9] Puskar-Pasewicz, Margaret (2010). Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). ABC-CLIO. m/s. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-37556-9.

[10] Michael Allen Fox (1999). Deep Vegetarianism (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. m/s. 134. ISBN 978-1-59213-814-2.

[11] Alsdorf (1962), m/s. 564.

[12] Kapleau, Philip: To Cherish All Life, Rochester (N.Y.) 1981, p. 29-33; Page, Tony: Buddhism and Animals, London 1999; Phelps, Norm: The Great Compassion, New York 2004, p. 73-84.

[13] Tähtinen p. 110-111; Phelps p. 55-70.

[14] Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol. 1 p. 231.

[15] Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol. 2 p. 124-125; Spencer p. 85-86; Tähtinen p. 37, 107, 111.

[16] Singh, Kumar Suresh (2004). People of India: Maharashtra. ISBN 9788179911006.

[17] Fieldhouse, Paul (April 17, 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ISBN 9781610694124.

[18] Walters, Kerry (June 7, 2012). Vegetarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed. ISBN 9781441115294.

[M&G-19] "The vegetable will set you free – embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa". Mail & Guardian Africa. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 July 2015. Dicapai pada 22 October 2015.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]