Wikipedia

Sogdia

Sogdia atau Sogdiana ialah sebuah tamadun Iran purba yang terletak di antara Amu Darya dan Syr Darya, kini di Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan dan Kyrgyzstan. Sogdiana juga dahulnya wilayah Empayar Hakhamaniyah, dan disenaraikan dalam Prasasti Behistun milik Darius yang Agung. Sogdiana mula-mula ditakluki oleh Cyrus yang Agung, pengasas Empayar Hakhamaniyah, dan kemudian diilhakkan oleh pemerintah Makedonia Alexander yang Agung pada 328 SM. Ia bertukar-tukar ke tangan Empayar Seleukia, Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria, Empayar Kushan, Empayar Sasan, Empayar Hephthalite, Kekhanan Turkik Barat dan Muslim Transoxiana.

Sogdia, Sogdiana
Abad ke-6 SM hingga abad ke-11 Masihi
Anggaran keluasan Sogdia, antara Amu Darya dan Syr Darya.
Anggaran keluasan Sogdia, antara Amu Darya dan Syr Darya.
Ibu negaraSamarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Kesh
Bahasa-bahasaSogdia
Agama
Majusi, Manikheisme, Buddhisme, Islam, Kristian Nestorian[1]
Mata wangTiruan syiling Sasan dan syiling tunai Cina serta "hibrid" kedua-duanya.[2][3]

Negara-negara kota Sogdia, walaupun tidak pernah bersatu dalam pentadbiran, berpusat di bandar Samarkand. Bahasa Sogdia, satu bahasa Iran Timur, sudah tidak lagi dituturkan. Walau bagaimanapun, keturunan salah satu dialeknya, Yaghnobi, masih dituturkan oleh orang Yaghnobi di Tajikistan. Ia digunakan secara meluas di Asia Tengah sebagai lingua franca dan berfungsi sebagai salah satu bahasa istana Kekhanan Turkik Pertama untuk menulis dokumen.

Orang Sogdia juga pernah tinggal di China zaman maharaja dan memegang jawatan-jawatan tinggi dalam tentera dan kerajaan dinasti Tang China (618–907 TM). Pedagang dan diplomat Sogdia mengembara sejauh barat ke Empayar Byzantium. Mereka menjadi orang tengah dalam perdagangan Jalan Sutera. Walaupun pada mulanya mengamalkan kepercayaan Majusi, Manikheisme, Buddhisme dan, sedikit sebanyak, Kristian Gereja Timur dari Asia Barat, orang Sogdia memeluk Islam secara beransur-ansur dan keturunan mereka bermula dengan penaklukan Muslim Transoxiana pada abad ke-8. Pemelukan Islam oleh orang Sogdia Islam hampir lengkap pada akhir Empayar Samaniyah pada tahun 999, bertepatan dengan kemerosotan bahasa Sogdia apabila sebahagian besarnya digantikan oleh bahasa Parsi Baru.

Rujukan

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Petikan

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  1. ^ Jacques Gernet (31 Mei 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 286–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
  2. ^ "Soghdian Kai Yuans (lectured at the Dutch 1994-ONS meeting)". T.D. Yih dan J. de Kreek (hosted on the Chinese Coinage Website). 1994. Dicapai pada 8 Jun 2018.
  3. ^ "Samarqand's Cast Coinage of the Early 7th–Mid-8th Centuries AD: Assessment based on Chinese sources and numismatic evidence". Andrew Reinhard (Pocket Change – The blog of the American Numismatic Society). 12 Ogos 2016. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 12 Jun 2018. Dicapai pada 9 Jun 2018.

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Bacaan lanjut

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40°24′N 69°24′E / 40.4°N 69.4°E / 40.4; 69.4

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