Septuaginta
Terjemahan Tujuh Puluh (Bahasa Yunani Kuno: Ἡ μετάφρασις τῶν Ἑβδομήκοντα, Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta[1] dilatinkan sebagai Vetus Testamentum ex versione Septuaginta Interpretum[2] atau ringkasnya Septuaginta "Sang Tujuh Puluh"[3]) –kadangkala dipanggil Perjanjian Lama Yunani atau sering disingkatkan sebagai angka Rumi LXX,[4] atau G[5]– ialah terjemahan bahasa Yunani terawal teks Alkitab Ibrani yang masih wujud.[6][7]
| Septuaginta | |
|---|---|
_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible).jpg) Fragmen Septuaginta: Satu lajur daripada kitab 1 Esdras dalam Codex Vaticanus sekitar 325–350 CE, asas edisi Yunani Sir Lancelot Charles Lee Brenton dan terjemahan Inggeris oleh Brenton | |
| Juga dikenali sebagai |
|
| Tarikh | sekitar abad ke-3 SM |
| Bahasa | Yunani Koine |
| Sebahagian dari turutan pada |
||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Kanun Alkitab dan Senarai Kitab | ||
| Tanakh: Taurat · Nevi'im · Ketuvim Perjanjian Lama · Perjanjian Baru · Injil Ibrani Deuterokanunika · Antilegomena Adegan & ayat Apokrifa: Yahudi · OT · PB | ||
| Pembangunan dan Penulisan | ||
| Qanun Yahudi Perjanjian Lama Perjanjian Baru Penulisan Mosaik Surat Pauline Karya Johannine Surat Petrine | ||
| Terjemahan dan Manuskrip | ||
| Septuaginta · Pentateukh Samaria Skrol Laut Mati · Teks Masoretik Alkitab Targum · Alkitab Peshitta Vetus Latina · Alkitab Vulgate Alkitab Gothik · Alkitab Luther Alkitab Inggeris | ||
| Kajian Alkitab | ||
| Menarikhkan Alkitab Kritikan Alkitab Kritikan lebih tinggi Kritikan tekstual Kritikan Qanun Novum Testamentum Graece Dokumentari Hipotesis Masalah sinoptik kategori tekstual PB Kesejarahan (Tokoh) Ketekalan bahagian dalam Arkeologi · Artifak Sains dan Alkitab | ||
| Terjemahan | ||
| Hermeneutik · Pesher Midrash · Pardes Kiasan · Keharfiahan Ramalan | ||
| Pandangan | ||
| Ketidakselewengan · Ketidakguguran · Kritikan Islam · Al-Quran · Gnostik Agama Yahudi dan agama Kristian Undang-undang Alkitab dalam agama Yahudi Hukum Alkitab dalam agama Kristian | ||
Penerjemahan ini dilakukan sebagai keperluan masyarakat Yahudi semasa zaman Bait Kedua yang banyak tidak dapat bertutur apatah lagi boleh membaca bahasa Ibrani bahkan bahasa Yunani Koine[6][8][9][10] dan Aramia ialah bahasa perantara pada zaman itu.[11][12]
Sarjana Alkitab bersetuju bahawa peneterjemahan lima kitab pertama Alkitab Ibrani ke dalam bahasa Yunani Koine oleh orang Yahudi yang tinggal di Kerajaan Ptolemaios mungkin pada awal atau pertengahan abad ketiga SM;[11] kitab-kitab selebihnya mungkin telah diterjemahkan pada abad ke-2 SM.[7][13][14] Beberapa terjemahan Alkitab ke dalam bahasa Aramia juga dibuat semasa zaman Bait Kedua.[15]
Nama
suntingTajuk penuhnya dalam bahasa Yunani berasal daripada kisah yang dicatatkan dalam Surat Aristeas kepada Philokrates bahawa "hukum-hakam orang Yahudi" telah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Yunani atas permintaan Ptolemaios si Pesumbang (285–247 SM) oleh tujuh puluh dua penterjemah Ibrani—enam daripada setiap Dua Belas Suku Israel.[16][17][18] Tidak sehingga zaman Agustinus dari Hippo (354–430 SM) barulah terjemahan Yunani kitab-kitab suci Yahudi mula dipanggil dengan nama Latin Septuaginta.[19]
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Karen Jobes dan Moisés Silva (2001). Invitation to the Septuagint. Paternoster Press. ISBN 978-1842270615.
- ^ Vetus Testamentum ex versione Septuaginta Interpretum (dalam bahasa Yunani). 1 (ed. ke-2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1875.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ "septuāginta". K. Prent, J. Adisubrata, W. J. S. Poerwadarminta (1969). Kamus Latin-Indonesia. Jogjakarta: Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius. m/s. 784. "...tudjuhpuluh."
- ^ Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (2022). "About Septuagint.Bible". The Septuagint: LXX - The Greek Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. New York: Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Dicapai pada 25 December 2022.
- ^ Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, contohnya.
- ^ a b Stefon, Matt (2011). Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. m/s. 45. ISBN 978-1615304875.
- ^ a b Petruzzello, Melissa (3 November 2022). "Septuagint". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Dicapai pada 25 December 2022.
- ^ Templat:Cite Collins Dictionary
- ^ "Koine". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House.
- ^ "Koine". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ a b Ross, William A. (15 November 2021). "The Most Important Bible Translation You've Never Heard Of". Articles. Scottsdale, Arizona: Text & Canon Institute of the Phoenix Seminary. Dicapai pada 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Bible Translations: The Septuagint". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1906. Dicapai pada 25 Disember 2022.
- ^ Beckwith, Roger T. (2008). The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church: and its Background in Early Judaism. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. m/s. 382, 383. ISBN 978-1606082492.
- ^ Tov, Emanuel (1988). "The Septuagint". Dalam Mulder, Martin Jan; Sysling, Harry (penyunting). Mikra: text, translation, reading, and interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in ancient Judaism and early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. m/s. 161–2. ISBN 0800606043.
- ^ van Staalduine-Sulman, Eveline (2020). "Simeon the Just, the Septuagint and Targum Jonathan". Dalam Shepherd, David James; Joosten, Jan; van der Meer, Michaël (penyunting). Septuagint, Targum and Beyond: Comparing Aramaic and Greek Versions from Jewish Antiquity. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism. 193. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Publishers. m/s. 327. ISBN 978-9004416727.
- ^ Aristeas of Marmora (1904). The Letter Of Aristeas, translated into English. Diterjemahkan oleh St. John Thackeray, Henry. London: Macmillan and Company, Limited. m/s. 7–15.
- ^ Tractate Megillah 9 (9a)
- ^ Tractate Soferim 1 (1:7-8)
- ^ Sundberg, in McDonald & Sanders, eds., The Canon Debate, m/s 72.
Bacaan lanjut
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- Siegfried Kreuzer, ed. Introduction to the Septuagint (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press; 2019) 671 pages; general information on the history and transmission of the Septuagint; information on each book of the Septuagint.
- Eberhard Bons and Jan Joosten, eds. Septuagint Vocabulary: Pre-History, Usage, Reception (Society of Biblical Literature; 2011) 211 pages; studies of the language used
- Bart D. Ehrman. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings; 608 pages, Oxford University Press (July, 2011); ISBN 978-0199757534
- W. Emery Barnes, On the Influence of Septuagint on the Peshitta, JTS 1901, pp. 186–197.
- Hengel, Martin (2004). Septuagint as Christian Scripture. A&C Black. m/s. 5. ISBN 978-0567082879.
- Joosten, Jan (2008). "The Septuagint as a Source of Information on Egyptian Aramaic in the Hellenistic Period". Aramaic in its Historical and Linguistic Setting. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 93–105. ISBN 978-3447057875.
- Joosten, Jan (2010). "The Aramaic Background of the Seventy: Language, Culture and History". Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies. 43: 53–72.
- Andreas Juckel, Septuaginta and Peshitta Jacob of Edessa quoting the Old Testament in Ms BL Add 17134 JOURNAL OF SYRIAC STUDIES
- Kreuzer, Siegfried, The Bible in Greek. Translation, Transmission, and Theology of the Septuagint, Septuagint and Cognate Studies 63, Atlanta: SBL Press 2015.
- Timothy Michael Law, When God Spoke Greek, Oxford University Press, 2013.
- Hyam Maccoby. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity; 238 pages, Barnes & Noble Books (1998); ISBN 978-0760707876
- Makrakis, Apostolos, Proofs of the Authenticity of the Septuagint, trans. by D. Cummings, Chicago, Ill.: Hellenic Christian Educational Society, 1947. N.B.: Published and printed with its own pagination, whether as issued separately or as included together with 2 other works of A. Makrakis in a single volume published by the same film in 1950, wherein the translator's name is identified on the common t.p. to that volume.
- Meer, Michaël N. van der (2020). "The Greek and Aramaic Versions of Joshua 3–4". Septuagint, Targum and Beyond: Comparing Aramaic and Greek Versions from Jewish Antiquity. Leiden-Boston: Brill. m/s. 58–100. ISBN 978-9004416727.
- Messo, Johny (2011). "The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again". Parole de l'Orient. 36: 111–125.
- Mihăilă, Alexandru (2018). "The Septuagint and the Masoretic Text in the Orthodox Church(es)" (PDF). Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu. 10: 30–60. doi:10.2478/ress-2018-0003. S2CID 171863532.
- Alfred Rahlfs, Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments, für das Septuaginta-Unternehmen, Göttingen 1914.
- Rajak, Tessa, Translation and survival: the Greek Bible of the ancient Jewish Diaspora (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
- Sanders, Paul (2020). "No Death without Sin on the New Earth: Isaiah 65:20 in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic". Septuagint, Targum and Beyond: Comparing Aramaic and Greek Versions from Jewish Antiquity. Leiden-Boston: Brill. m/s. 129–140. ISBN 978-9004416727.
- Shepherd, David J. (2020). "See God and Die? Job's Final Words (42:6) according to His First Aramaic and Greek Interpreters". Septuagint, Targum and Beyond: Comparing Aramaic and Greek Versions from Jewish Antiquity. Leiden-Boston: Brill. m/s. 228–248. ISBN 978-9004416727.
- Tov, Emanuel (2010). "Personal Names in the Septuagint of Isaiah". Isaiah in Context. Leiden-Boston: Brill. m/s. 413–428. ISBN 978-9004191181.
- Wevers, John W. (2001). "Aram and Aramaean in the Septuagint". The World of the Aramaeans. 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. m/s. 237–251. ISBN 978-1841271583.
Pautan luar
suntingUmum
- The Septuagint Online – Tapak komprehensif dengan perbincangan ilmiah dan pautan kepada teks dan terjemahan
- Institut Septuaginta
Teks dan terjemahan
- The Tetrapla: interlinear Bible in four languages, for advanced researchers. archive.org (dalam bahasa Ibrani, Greek, Lithuania, dan Inggeris). m/s. 5519. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada October 12, 2018.
- Septuagint/Old Greek Texts and Translations LXX finder, listing dozens of editions, both print and digital, in various languages and formats. A good place to start.
- Elpenor's Bilingual (Greek/English) Septuagint Old Testament Greek text (full polytonic unicode version) and English translation side by side. Greek text as used by the Orthodox Churches.
- Titus Text Collection: Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes (advanced research tool)
- Septuagint published by the Church of Greece
- Plain text of the whole LXX
- Bible Resource Pages – contains Septuagint texts (with diacritics) side-by-side with English translations
- The Septuagint in Greek as a Microsoft Word document. Introduction and book abbreviations in Latin. Non-free Antioch (Vusillus Old Face, Vusillus) TrueType font file required.
- The New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), electronic edition
- Eastern/Greek Orthodox Bible: includes comprehensive introductory materials dealing with Septuagintal issues and an Old Testament which is an extensive revision of the Brenton with footnotes.
- Holy Orthodox Bible translated by Peter A. Papoutsis Diarkibkan 20 Jun 2008 di Wayback Machine from the Septuagint (LXX) and the Official Greek New Testament text of the Ecumenical Patriarch.
- LXX2012: Septuagint in American English 2012 – The Septuagint with Apocrypha, translated from Greek to English by Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton and published in 1885, with some language updates by Michael Paul Johnson in 2012 (American English)