Graphium (kekupu)
genus kekupu
Graphium ialah genus kebanyakan kupu-kupu ekor layang tropika yang dikelompokkan sebagai riang dan ekor pedang. Berasal dari Erasia, Afrika dan Oseania, genus ini diwakili oleh lebih 100 spesies. Warnanya berubah-ubah mengikut habitat yang ia kunjungi; dari hutan hujan hingga savana. Beberapanya mempunyai ekor yang agak panjang dan bak pedang, sedangkan yang lain tiada pemanjangan sayap belakang. Spesies Graphium kerap dilihat di lopak berlumpur.
| Graphium | |
|---|---|
| |
| Ekor layang Macleay (Graphium macleayanus) | |
Pengelasan saintifik 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Alam: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Arthropoda |
| Kelas: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Keluarga: | Papilionidae |
| Tribus: | Leptocircini |
| Genus: | Graphium Scopoli, 1777 |
| Spesies | |
|
Lebih daripada 100; lihat teks | |
| Sinonim | |
| |
Spesies
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Disenaraikan mengikut abjad:[1][2]
subgenus: Idaides
- kumpulan spesies: codrus
- Graphium anthedon (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864)
- Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841)
- Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777])
- Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), asalnya Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonim bagi Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; digantikan oleh empedovana Corbet, 1941.
- Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941) – riang Malaya
- Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
- Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – ekor layang Macleay
- Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
- Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896)
- ?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. sinonim bagi Graphium sarpedon
- Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang segitiga
- Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
- Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – ekor layang tompok ungu
- kumpulan spesies: eurypylus
- Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang ekor
- Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – riang tompok
- Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831) – riang belang
- Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884) – riang urat
- Graphium doson (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864) – riang biasa
- Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – riang besar
- Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – riang kecil
- Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
- Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877)
- Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901)
- Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
- Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)
- kumpulan spesies: wallacei
- Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
- Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
- Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – ekor layang Apo
- Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)
subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]
- kumpulan spesies: antheus
- Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779])
- Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)
- kumpulan spesies: policenes
- Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984
- Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873)
- Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
- Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872)
- Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893)
- Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872)
- Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
- Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775])
- Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
- Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889)
- Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865)
- kumpulan spesies: angolanus
- Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779)
- Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium morania (Angas, 1849)
- Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843)
- Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927)
- Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)
- kumpulan spesies: leonidas
- Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793)
- Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890
- kumpulan spesies: tynderaeus
- Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793)
- Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819)
- kumpulan spesies: philonoe
- Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873)
- kumpulan spesies: adamastor
- Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
- Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842)
- Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884)
- Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
- Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
- Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
- Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
- Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
- Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
- Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
- Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950
- Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
- Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
- Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865)
- Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)
subgenus: Pathysa
- kumpulan spesies: antiphates
- Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – riang ekor pedang jalur empat
- Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – riang ekor pedang jalur lima
- Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – riang ekor pedang belang
- Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
- Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840)
- Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
- Graphium euphrates (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
- Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
- Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799)
- Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)
subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887
- Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – riang zebra Malaya
- Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – riang zebra kuning
- Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
- Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
- Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – riang zebra kecil
- Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
- Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – riang zebra tompok
- Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872) – riang zebra Pendlebury
- Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
- Graphium stratocles (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1861)
- Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
- Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – riang zebra besar
subgenus: Pazala Moore, 1888
- Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
- Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893])
- Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831)
- Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
- Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879)
- Graphium mullah (Alphéraky 1897)[3]::* Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
- Graphium timur (Ney, 1911)[4] disinonimkan dengan Graphium mullah oleh Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007 [5]
- Graphium wenlingae Hu, Condamine, Monastyrskii & Cotton, 2019[6]
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Savela, Markku (April 15, 2019). "Graphium Scopoli, 1777". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Dicapai pada February 5, 2020.
- ^ Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
- ^ Global Names Index
- ^ Graphium mullah kooichii
- ^ Cotton, A.M. & Racheli, T. [2007] Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with Notes on Taxonomy, Phenology, Distribution and Variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea).Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma, 38(2): 279-378.
- ^ "A New Species of the Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus Group (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Central Vietnam". Sarasaviya. 10 February 2019. Dicapai pada 11 February 2019.
- Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70:503-719 online
- Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
- Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. ISBN 0-600-31381-6
Pautan luar
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Kategori berkenaan Graphium (kekupu) di Wikimedia Commons
Data berkenaan Graphium (kekupu) di Wikispesies- "Distribution of Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails" (broadly subgenera Pazala and Arisbe) Natural History Museum.
- "Genus Graphium". Insecta.pro.
