George Marshall
Politician and United States Army general (1880–1959)
George Catlett Marshall, Jr (31 Disember 1880 - 16 Oktober 1959) adalah seorang Jeneral Angkatan Darat Amerika dan negarawan terkenal untuk peranan beliau semasa Perang Dunia II dan Perang Dingin. Beliau merupakan Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat, Setiausaha Negara, dan Setiausaha Pertahanan yang ketiga. Beliau telah dinobatkan sebagai "penganjur kemenangan" oleh Winston Churchill untuk kepimpinan beliau yang memenangkan Pihak Bersekutu dalam Perang Dunia II, Marshall berkhidmat sebagai Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat semasa perang dan sebagai ketua penasihat tentera kepada Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt. Selaku Ketua Turus, Marshall mempengerusikan penciptaan Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat, yang pada tahun 1939 memiliki kurang dari 200,000 anggota. Beliau merupakan penasihat tentera yang paling dipercayai oleh FDR.
George Marshall | |
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| Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat Ke-50 | |
| Dalam jawatan 21 Januari 1947 – 20 Januari 1949 | |
| Presiden | Harry S. Truman |
| Didahului oleh | James F. Byrnes |
| Digantikan oleh | Dean G. Acheson |
| Setiausaha Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat Ke-3 | |
| Dalam jawatan 21 September 1950 – 12 September 1951 | |
| Presiden | Harry S. Truman |
| Didahului oleh | Louis A. Johnson |
| Digantikan oleh | Robert A. Lovett |
| Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat Ke-15 | |
| Dalam jawatan 1 September 1939 – 18 November 1945 | |
| Presiden | Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman |
| Didahului oleh | Malin Craig |
| Digantikan oleh | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Maklumat peribadi | |
| Lahir | George Catlett Marshall, Jr. 31 Disember 1880 Uniontown, Pennsylvania |
| Mati | Oktober 16, 1959 (umur 78) Washington, D.C. |
| Parti politik | Bukan partisan |
| Pasangan | Elizabeth Carter Coles Marshall (k. 1902 – m. 1927) Katherine Boyce Tupper Brown Marshall (1882–1978) |
| Tempat belajar | Institut Tentera Virginia |
| Bidang pengkhususan | Askar Negarawan |
| Anugerah awam | Army Distinguished Service Medal (2) Silver Star Hadiah Keamanan Nobel Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) |
| Tandatangan |  |
| Perkhidmatan tentera | |
| Kesetiaan | Amerika Syarikat |
| Cabang/khidmat | Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat |
| Tahun khidmat | 1902–1959[1] |
| Pangkat |  Jeneral Angkatan Darat |
| Pangkalan |  Ketua Turus Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat |
| Perang/Pertempuran | Perang Filipina-Amerika |
Nama Marshall telah diberikan kepada Rancangan Marshall, selepas menyampaikan ucapan permulaan beliau selaku Setiausaha Negara di Universiti Harvard dalam bulan Jun 1947. Ucapan itu mengesyorkan bahawa orang Eropah secara kolektif membuat rancangan mereka sendiri untuk pembinaan semula Eropah selepas Perang Dunia II menyatakan, "Ia adalah logik bahawa Amerika Syarikat harus melakukan apa sahaja yang ia mampu lakukan untuk membantu dalam pengembalian kesihatan ekonomi biasa di dunia." Jabatan Negara membuat kebanyakan rancangan itu, dan Truman cukup licik untuk membiarkan nama Marshall dilampirkan sekali. Tidak seperti Truman, Marshall secara meluas dikagumi oleh ahli kedua-dua parti politik. Marshall menerima Hadiah Keamanan Nobel pada tahun 1953 untuk rancangan itu, yang bertujuan untuk pemulihan ekonomi di Eropah Barat selepas Perang Dunia II.
Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat
sunting| Tiada lencana pangkat pada 1901 | Leftenan Kedua, Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat: 2 Februari 1901 |
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Leftenan Pertama, United States Army: March 7, 1907 |
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Kapten, United States Army: July 1, 1916 |
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Mejar, National Army: August 5, 1917 |
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Leftenan Kolonel, National Army: January 5, 1918 |
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Kolonel, National Army: August 27, 1918 |
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Kapten, Regular Army (kembali ke pangkat tetap): June 30, 1920 |
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Mejar, Regular Army : July 1, 1920 |
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Leftenan Kolonel, Regular Army: August 21, 1923 |
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Kolonel, Regular Army: September 1, 1933 |
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Brigedier Jeneral, Regular Army: October 1, 1936 |
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Mejar Jeneral, Regular Army: September 1, 1939 |
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Jeneral, Regular Army, berkhidmat sebagai Ketua Turus Tentera Darat: 1 September 1939 |
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Jeneral Angkatan Darat, United States Army: 16 Disember 1944 |
| Pangkat Jeneral Angkatan Darat menjadi tetap dalam Regular Army: 11 April 1946 |
Darjah kebesaran, anugerah dan pingat
suntingAnugerah kebesaran tentera A.S.
sunting
Darjah kebesaran asing
sunting- Honorary Knight Grand Cross Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
- Grand Cross Legion of Honor (Perancis)
- Order of Military Merit (Brazil)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Chile)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá Cherifien (Columbia) (Given by President Ospina Perez as he opened the IX Panamerican Conference)
- Order of Military Merit, First Class (Cuba)
- Star of Abdon Calderon, First Class (Ecuador)
- Grand Cross Order of George I with swords (Greece)
- Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Itali)
- Order of the Crown of Italy (Itali)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Maghribi)
- Grand Cross with Swords Order of Orange-Nassau (Belanda)
- Grand Cross Order of Military Merit (Soviet Union)
- Order of Suvorov, 1st class (Soviet Union)
- Gran Official del Sol del Peru (Peru)
Bintang dan pingat asing
sunting- Croix de Guerre (Perancis)
- Centennial Medal (Liberia)
- Silver Medal for Bravery (Montenegro)
- Medal of La Solidaridad, 2nd Class (Panama)
Anugerah awam
sunting- Tahun 1946, beliau telah dikurniakan United States Congressional Gold Medal.
- Tahun 1948, beliau telah dianugerahkan Distinguished Achievement Award bagi peranan dan sumbangannya sewaktu dan selepas Perang Dunia II.
- Hadiah Keamanan Nobel 1953 bagi Rancangan Marshall.
- The United States Postal Service honored him with a Prominent Americans series (1965–1978) 20¢ postage stamp.
- 1959 Karlspreis (International Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen).
- 1960 George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, originally the Army Ballistics Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville Alabama, became a NASA field center and was renamed.
- The British Parliament established the Marshall Scholarship in recognition of Marshall's contributions to Anglo-American relations.
- Many buildings and streets throughout the U.S. and other nations are named in his honor.
- George C. Marshall Award, the highest award given to a chapter in Kappa Alpha Order.
- George C. Marshall High School, founded in 1962 and located in Falls Church, Virginia, is the only public high school in the United States named for Marshall. The nickname of the school – "The Statesmen" – appropriately reflects his life and contributions.
- The Marshall Elementary School is in the Laurel Highlands School District, Uniontown, Pennsylvania.
- George C. Marshall Elementary School: located in Vancouver, Washington.
The George C. Marshal European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- George Catlett Marshall Medal, awarded by the Association of the United States Army. Awarded to Bob Hope in 1972.
Bibliografi
sunting- Cray, Ed. General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman. Norton, 1990. 847 pp.
- Harold I. Gullan; "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938–41." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume: 28#3 1998. pp 510+ online edition
- Hein, David. "A Case Study in Principled Leadership: General George C. Marshall’s Core Beliefs." Lecture delivered at the John Jay Institute, Philadelphia, PA, May 8, 2013. http://www.johnjayinstitute.org/resources/lectures/a-case-study-in-principled-leadership-general-george-c-marshalls-core-beli/
- Hein, David. "In War for Peace: General George C. Marshall's Core Convictions and Ethical Leadership." Touchstone 26, no. 2 (March/April 2013): 41–48.
http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=26-02-041-f
- May, Ernest R. "1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. out of War in China." Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001–1010. Issn: 0899-3718
- Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria." Diplomatic History 1979 3(4): 349–375. Issn: 0145-2096
- Parrish, Thomas. Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War. 1989. 608 pp.
- Steele, Richard W. The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy. 1973. 239 pp.
- Mark C. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century. (1989) 252pp
- Forrest Pogue, Viking, (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography: complete text is online
Rujukan
sunting- The Papers of George Catlett Marshall: (Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds.)
- Vol. 1: The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939. (1981)
- Vol. 2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941. (1986)
- Vol. 3: The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943. (1991)
- Vol. 4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944. (1996)
- Vol. 5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947. (2003)
- Vol. 6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949; (2012)
- Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, ed. George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947. Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1998. 661 pp.
- Marshall, George C. George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue. Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1991. 698 pp. online edition
- George Catlett Marshall. Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918 (1976)
- Greg Behrman. The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe Free Press, 2007.
Bacaan lanjut
sunting- The Infantry Journal Incorporated (1939). Infantry in Battle (PDF). Washington, DC: Garrett and Massey. ISBN 0-940328-04-6.
Pautan luar
sunting| Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: George Marshall |
| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: George Marshall. |
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Wikisource mempunyai karya asli yang dikarang oleh atau mengenai: George Marshall |
- Brief biography at the official Nobel Prize site
- The Marshall Foundation
- George C. Marshall Center, Garmisch Germany
- The Marshall Plan Speech MP3
- The Marshall Films Collection Diarkibkan 2011-07-18 di Wayback Machine
- Marshall Scholarships
- The Marshall Plan Speech Diarkibkan 2007-09-27 di archive.today
- Dodona Manor
- "George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace" (Smithsonian Institution)
- "George Marshall and the American Century" (Documentary Film) Diarkibkan 2012-11-11 di Wayback Machine
- Annotated bibliography for George Marshall from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Diarkibkan 2006-08-28 di Wayback Machine
- The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, CHAPTER XIX, General of the Army George C. Marshall, Special Military Funeral, 16 – October 20, 1959 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. United States Army Center of Military History, 1991. CMH Pub 90-1.
- The George C. Marshall Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Part 1 and Part 2
- City of Vancouver, Washington's "General George C. Marshall and Vancouver" page Diarkibkan 2012-01-21 di Wayback Machine
- Task Force Marshall Information Page Diarkibkan 2009-04-25 di Wayback Machine
- Joint Committee on The Investigation of Pearl Harbor, 79th Congress
- Filem pendek Big Picture: The General Marshall Story ini boleh didapati untuk muat turun percuma di Internet Archive.
| Pegawai tentera | ||
|---|---|---|
| Didahului oleh Malin Craig |
Ketua Turus Tentera Darat A.S. 1939 – 1945 |
Diikuti oleh: Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Jawatan politik | ||
| Didahului oleh James F. Byrnes |
Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat Berkhidmat dengan: Harry S. Truman 1947–1949 |
Diikuti oleh: Dean Acheson |
| Didahului oleh Louis A. Johnson |
Setiausaha Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat Berkhidmat dengan: Harry S. Truman 1950–1951 |
Diikuti oleh: Robert A. Lovett |
| Anugerah dan pencapaian | ||
| Didahului oleh Prince Konoye |
Kulit Depan Majalah Time 29 Julai 1940 |
Diikuti oleh: Sir Alan F. Brooke |
| Didahului oleh Ed Flynn |
Kulit Depan Majalah Time 19 Oktober 1942 |
Diikuti oleh: Lord Gort |
| Didahului oleh Patriarch Sergius I of Moscow |
Kulit Depan Majalah Time 3 Januari 1944 |
Diikuti oleh: Erich von Manstein |
Templat:US Army Chiefs of Staff Templat:USSecState Templat:USSecDef
- ^ U.S. officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life.Spencer C. Tucker (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 1685. ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0.