Elapidae
Elapidae (Yunani ἔλλοψ éllops, "ikan laut") [1] ialah satu famili ular berbisa yang ditemui di kawasan-kawasan tropika dan subtropika di seluruh dunia, iaitu di daratan-daratan Asia, Australia, Afrika, Amerika Utara dan Amerika Selatan, dan di perairan Lautan Pasifik dan Lautan Hindi.
| Elapidae | |
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| Ular tedung Mesir, Naja haje | |
| Pengelasan saintifik | |
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| Keluarga: | Elapidae F. Boie, 1827
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Ular-ular elapid terdiri daripada pelbagai saiz, baik spesies Drysdalia yang 18cm mahupun ular tedung selar 5.6m. Kesemua elapid bercirikan siung terikat yang beralur untuk menyuntikkan bisa. Kini telah dikenalpastinya 325 spesies dalam 61 genus.[2]
Genus
sunting| Genus[2] | Pengarang takson[2] |
Spesies[2] | Subspesies*[2] | Nama am | Taburan geografi[3] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acalyptophis | Boulenger, 1869 | 1 | 0 | ular laut berkepala duri | Teluk Thailand, Laut China Selatan, Selat Taiwan, dan pantai-pantai Guangdong, Indonesia, Filipina, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Australia (Wilayah Utara, Queensland, Australia Barat) |
| Acanthophis | Daudin, 1803 | 7 | 0 | adder maut | Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia (Seram dan Tanimbar) |
| Aipysurus | Lacépède, 1804 | 7 | 1 | ular laut zaitun | Laut Timor, Laut China Selatan, Teluk Thailand, dan pantai-pantai Australia (Wilayah Utara, Queensland, Australia Baru), New Caledonia, Kepulauan Loyalty, selatan New Guinea, Indonesia, barat Malaysia dan Vietnam |
| Aspidelaps | Fitzinger, 1843 | 2 | 4 | ular tedung berhidung perisai | Afrika Selatan (Wilayah Cape, Transvaal), Namibia, selatan Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique |
| Aspidomorphus | Fitzinger, 1843 | 3 | 3 | adder berkolar | New Guinea |
| Astrotia | Fischer, 1855 | 1 | 0 | ular laut Stokes | Kawasan pantai dari barat India dan Sri Lanka melalui Teluk Thailand hingga Laut China, barat Malaysia, Indonesia ke timur hingga New Guinea, pantai utara dan barat Australia, Filipina |
| Austrelaps | Worrell, 1963 | 3 | 0 | ular kepala tembaga | Australia (Australia Selatan, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania) |
| Boulengerina | Dollo, 1886 | 2 | 1 | ular tedung air | Cameroon, Gabon, Republik Demokratik Congo, Congo, Republik Afrika Tengah, Tanzania, Guinea Khatulistiwa, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia |
| Bungarus | Daudin, 1803 | 12 | 4 | ular katam tebu | India (termasuk Pulau Andaman), Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Kemboja, Indonesia (Jawa, Sumatra, Bali, Sulawesi), Semenanjung Malaysia, Singapura, Taiwan, Thailand |
| Cacophis | Günther, 1863 | 4 | 0 | ular berjambul hutan hujan | Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) |
| Calliophis | Gray, 1834 | 8 | 11 | ular karang Timur | India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, Kemboja, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, Myanmar, Brunei, Filipina, Vietnam, Laos, selatan China, Jepun (Kep. Ryukyu), Taiwan |
| Demansia | Gray, 1842 | 9 | 2 | ular ekor cambuk | New Guinea, benua Australia |
| Dendroaspis | Schlegel, 1848 | 4 | 1 | mamba | Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Afrika Selatan, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Guinea, Gabon, Principe (Teluk Guinea), Republik Afrika Tengah, Rep. Dem. Congo, Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Guinea Khatulistiwa, Angola, Sudan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Senegal, Mali, Habsyah, Namibia, Somalia, Swaziland, Zambia, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone |
| Denisonia | Krefft, 1869 | 2 | 0 | ular berhias | Tengah Queensland dan utara tengah New South Wales, Australia |
| Drysdalia | Worrell, 1961 | 3 | 0 | ular rumput tenggara | Selatan Australia (Australia Barat, Australia Selatan, Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales) |
| Echiopsis | Fitzinger, 1843 | 1 | 0 | bardick | Selatan Australia (Australia Barat, Australia Selatan, Victoria, New South Wales) |
| Elapognathus | Boulenger, 1896 | 2 | 0 | ular rumput tenggara | Australia Barat |
| Elapsoidea | Bocage, 1866 | 10 | 7 | ular garter Afrika atau berbisa (tiada persaudaraan dengan ular garter Amerika yang tidak berbisa) | Senegal, Afrika Selatan, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Gambia, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Rep. Afrika Tengah, Chad, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Uganda, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Rep. Dem. Congo, Congo, Zambia, Kenya, utara Burundi, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Uganda, Somalia |
| Emydocephalus | Krefft, 1869 | 2 | 0 | ular laut kepala penyu | Pantai-pantai Timor (Laut Indonesia), New Caledonia, Australia (Wilayah Utara, Queensland, Australia Barat), dan di Laut Asia Tenggara di sepanjang pantai China, Taiwan, Jepun, dan Kep. Ryukyu |
| Enhydrina | Gray, 1849 | 2 | 0 | ular laut berparuh | Di Teluk Parsi (Oman, Emiriah Arab Bersatu, dsb.), selatan hingga Seychelles dan Madagascar,
Laut Asia Tenggara (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam), Australia (Wilayah Utara, Queensland), New Guinea |
| Ephalophis | M.A. Smith, 1931 | 1 | 0 | ular lumpur Grey | Barat laut Australia |
| Furina | Duméril, 1853 | 3 | 0 | ular bertengkuk pudar | Tanah besar Australia |
| Glyphodon | Günther, 1858 | 2 | 0 | ular berkepala perang | Australia (Queensland), New Guinea |
| Hemachatus | Fleming, 1822 | 1 | 0 | ular tedung meludah | Afrika Selatan, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland |
| Hemiaspis | Fitzinger, 1861 | 2 | 0 | ular paya | Timur Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) |
| Hemibungarus | Peters, 1862 | 1 | 2 | ular karang Asia | Taiwan, Jepun (Kep. Ryukyu) |
| Homoroselaps | Jan, 1858 | 2 | 0 | harlequin snakes | Afrika Selatan |
| Hoplocephalus | Wagler, 1830 | 3 | 0 | ular berkepala lebar | Timur Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) |
| Hydrelaps | Boulenger, 1896 | 1 | 0 | ular lumpur Port Darwin | Utara Australia, selatan New Guinea |
| Hydrophis | Latreille In Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 | 34 | 3 | ular laut | Perairan Indo-Australia dan Asia Tenggara.[4] |
| Kerilia | Gray, 1849 | 1 | 0 | ular laut Jerdon | Perairan Asia Tenggara[4] |
| Kolpophis | M.A. Smith, 1926 | 1 | 0 | ular laut kepala besr | Lautan Hindi[4] |
| Lapemis | Gray, 1835 | 1 | 1 | ular laut Shaw | Teluk Parsi hingga Lautan Hindi, Laut China Seatan, kepulauan Indo-Australia dan barat Pasifik[4] |
| Laticauda | Laurenti, 1768 | 5 | 0 | ular katam tebu laut | Perairan Asia Tenggaa dan Indo-Australia |
| Leptomicrurus | K.P. Schmidt, 1937 | 4 | 2 | ular karang belakang hitam | Utara Amerika Selatan |
| Loveridgelaps | McDowell, 1970 | 1 | 0 | ular bermata halus Solomon | Kepulauan Solomon |
| Micropechis | Boulenger, 1896 | 1 | 0 | ular bermata halus New Guinea | New Guinea |
| Micruroides | K.P. Schmidt, 1928 | 1 | 2 | ular karang barat | Amerika Syarikat (Arizona, barat daya New Mexico), Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa) |
| Micrurus | Wagler, 1824 | 69 | 54 | ular karang | Selatan Amerika Utara, Amerika Selatan |
| Naja | Laurenti, 1768 | 23 | 3 | ular tedung | Afrika, Asia |
| Notechis | Boulenger, 1896 | 2 | 0 | ular harimau | Selatan Australia, termasuk pulau-pulau sebelah |
| Ogmodon | Peters, 1864 | 1 | 0 | bola | Fiji |
| Ophiophagus | Günther, 1864 | 1 | 0 | ular tedung selar | Bangladesh, Myanmar, Kemboja, China, India, Kep. Andaman, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, barat Malaysia, Filipina |
| Oxyuranus | Kinghorn, 1923 | 3 | 2 | taipan | Australia, New Guinea |
| Parahydrophis | Burger & Natsuno, 1974 | 1 | 0 | ular laut paya bakau Utata | Utara Australia, selatan New Guinea |
| Paranaja | Loveridge, 1944 | 1 | 2 | ular bermanik | Barat/tengah Rep. Dem. Congo, Congo, Cameroon |
| Parapistocalamus | Roux, 1934 | 1 | 0 | ular Hediger | Pulau Bougainville, Kep. Solomons |
| Paroplocephalus | Keogh, Scott and Scanlon, 2000 | 1 | 0 | ular Tasik Cronin | Barat Australia |
| Pelamis | Daudin, 1803 | 1 | 0 | ular laut berperut hijau | Lautan Hindi dan Pasifik |
| Praescutata viperina | Wall, 1921 | 1 | 0 | ular laut ala kapak | Teluk Parsi, Lautan Hindi, Laut China Selatan ke timur laut hingga kawasan pantai Fujian dan Selat Taiwan |
| Pseudechis | Wagler, 1830 | 7 | 0 | ular hitam (dan ular perang raja) | Australia |
| Pseudohaje | Günther, 1858 | 2 | 0 | ular tedung hutan | Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Rep. Afrika Tengah, Rep. Dem. Congo, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Uganda, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo, Nigeria |
| Pseudonaja | Günther, 1858 | 8 | 2 | ular perang berbisa (dan dugite) | Australia |
| Rhinoplocephalus | Müller, 1885 | 6 | 0 | ular bermata halus Australia | Selatan dan timur Australia, selatan New Guinea |
| Salomonelaps | McDowell, 1970 | 1 | 0 | Ular karang Kep. Solomon | Kepulauan Solomon |
| Simoselaps | Jan, 1859 | 13 | 3 | Ular karang Australia | Tanah besar Australia |
| Sinomicrurus (Calliophis) macclellandi | Slowinski et al., 2001 | 5 | 4 | Ular karang (Asia) MacClelland | India, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Jepun |
| Suta | Worrell, 1961 | 10 | 2 | ular bertukup (dan ular bergulung-gulung) | Australia |
| Thalassophis | P. Schmidt, 1852 | 1 | 0 | ular laut janggal | Laut China Selatan (Malaysia, Teluk Thailand), Lautan Hindi (Sumatra, Jawa, Borneo) |
| Toxicocalamus | Boulenger, 1896 | 9 | 0 | Ular hutan New Guinea | New Guinea (dan pulau-pulau berdekatan) |
| Tropidechis | Günther, 1863 | 2 | 0 | ular bersisik kasar | Timur Australia |
| Vermicella | Gray In Günther, 1858 | 5 | 0 | bandy-bandy | Australia |
| Walterinnesia | Lataste, 1887 | 2[5] | 0 | ular tedung gurun hitam | Mesir, Israel, Lubnan, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Arab Saudi, Turki[6] |
* Tidak termasuk subspesies yang ternama
Rujukan
sunting| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Elapidae |
- ^ "Definition of 'elapid'". dictionary.com. Dicapai pada 2009-07-13.
- ^ a b c d e "Elapidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Dicapai pada 27 November 2006.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaNRDB - ^ a b c d The Hydrophiidae at Cyberlizard's home pages. Accessed [12 August] [2007].
- ^ Nilson, G. & N. Rastegar-Pouyani (2007) Walterinnesia aegyptia Lataste, 1887 (Ophidia: Elapidae) and the status of Naja morgani Mocquard 1905. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 14: 7-14.
- ^ Ugurtas, I. H., T. J. Papenfuss and N. L. Orlov. 2001. New record of Walterinnesia aegyptia Lataste, 1887 (Ophidia: Elapidae: Bungarinae) in Turkey. Russian Journal of Herpetology. 8(3):239-245.