Wikipedia

William Joseph Donovan

William Joseph ("Wild Bill") Donovan (1 Januari 1883 – 8 Februari 1959) adalah seorang jeneral Amerika, peguam, pegawai perisikan dan diplomat. Donovan lebih diingati sebagai ketua Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik (OSS), iaitu pelopor kepada Agensi Perisikan Pusat, semasa Perang Dunia II. Beliau juga dikenali sebagai "Bapa Perisikan Amerika" dan "Bapa Perisikan Pusat". "Agensi Perisikan Pusat menganggap Donovan sebagai pengasas utamanya," menurut wartawan Evan Thomas dalam profil Vanity Fair 2011. Ruang lobi ibupejabat CIA, di Langley, Virginia, kini mempunyai patung Donovan. Thomas menerangkan bahawa "eksploitasi Donovan adalah sangat mustahil tetapi sekarang di dokumenkan dengan baik dalam rekod masa perang yang didedahkan yang menggambarkan beliau seorang yang berani, mulia, tergesa-gesa, periang, kadangkala keterlaluan dan penuh tipu daya."

William J. Donovan
Duta Besar Amerika Syarikat ke Thailand
Dalam jawatan
4 September 1953 – 21 Ogos 1954
PresidenDwight Eisenhower
Didahului olehEdwin F. Stanton
Digantikan olehJohn Peurifoy
Pengarah Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik
Dalam jawatan
13 Jun 1942 – 1 Oktober 1945
PresidenFranklin D. Roosevelt
Harry Truman
TimbalanJohn Magruder
Didahului olehDiri sendiri (Koordinator Maklumat)
Digantikan olehJohn Magruder (Unit Perkhidmatan Strategik)
Koordinator Maklumat
Dalam jawatan
11 Julai 1941 – 13 Jun 1942
PresidenFranklin D. Roosevelt
Didahului olehJawatan diwujudkan
Digantikan olehDiri sendiri (Pengarah Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik)
Maklumat peribadi
Lahir
William Joseph Donovan

(1883-01-01)1 Januari 1883
Buffalo, New York, AS
Mati8 Februari 1959(1959-02-08) (umur 76)
Washington, D.C., AS
Tempat semadiTanah Perkuburan Nasional Arlington
Parti politikRepublikan
PendidikanUniversiti Niagara
Universiti Columbia (BA)
Nama panggilan"Wild Bill"
Perkhidmatan tentera
Kesetiaan Amerika Syarikat
Cabang/khidmatPengawal Kebangsaan New York
Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat
Tahun khidmat1912–1916, 1919–1922 (Pengawal Kebangsaan)
1916–1919, 1941–1945 (Tentera Darat)
Pangkat Mejar Jeneral
PangkalanRejimen Ke-165 Infantri
Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik
Perang/PertempuranPerang Dunia I
Perang Dunia II
Anugerah tenteraMedal of Honor
Distinguished Service Cross
Distinguished Service Medal (3)
Silver Star
Purple Heart (2)
National Security Medal
Freedom Award

Seorang veteran Perang Dunia I yang cemerlang, Donovan merupakan satu-satunya orang yang telah menerima semua empat pingat tertinggi Amerika Syarikat: Iaitu Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, dan National Security Medal.[1] Beliau adalah penerima pingat Silver Star dan Purple Heart, serta anugerah-anugerah lain dari beberapa negara untuk khidmat baktinya dalam kedua-dua Perang Dunia.

Anugerah kebesaran

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Anugerah A.S.

  Medal of Honor[2][3][4]
  Distinguished Service Cross[2]
  Army Distinguished Service Medal berserta dua kelompok daun oak[2][5]
  Silver Star[3]
  Purple Heart berserta dua kelompok daun oak[5]
  National Security Medal[2][5][6]

Anugerah asing

  Knight, Légion d'honneur (Perancis) (Perang Dunia I)[3]
  Commander, Légion d'honneur (Perancis) (Perang Dunia II)[7]
  Croix de guerre with Palm and Silver Star (Perancis) (Perang Dunia I)[3]
  Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire[3]
  Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sylvester (Vatican) (Itali: Ordine di San Silvestro Papa)[5]
  Order of the Crown (Itali) (Itali: Ordine della Corona d'Italia)[5]
  Croce al Merito di Guerra (Itali)[3]
  Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland)[3][5]
  Grand Officer of the Order of Léopold of Belgium with Palm[5]
  Czechoslovakian War Cross (1939)[5]
  Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau (Belanda)[5]
  Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav (Norway)[5]
  Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant (Thailand)[5]

Catatan Medal of Honor

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Pangkat dan pasukan: Leftenan Kolonel, Tentera Darat A.S., Rejimen Ke-165 Infantri, Divisyen Ke-42. Tempat dan tarikh: Berhampiran Landres-et-St. Georges, Perancis, 14–15 Oktober 1918. Memasuki tentera di: Buffalo, N.Y. Lahir: 1 Januari 1883, Buffalo, N.Y. G.O., No.: 56, W.D., 1922.

Kata-kata pujian:

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Lt. Col. Donovan personally led the assaulting wave in an attack upon a very strongly organized position, and when our troops were suffering heavy casualties he encouraged all near him by his example, moving among his men in exposed positions, reorganizing decimated platoons, and accompanying them forward in attacks. When he was wounded in the leg by machine-gun bullets, he refused to be evacuated and continued with his unit until it withdrew to a less exposed position.[8]

Nota

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  1. ^ William J. Wild Bill Donovan, Major General, United States Army. Arlingtoncemetery.net; retrieved August 27, 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d "A Look Back … Gen. William J. Donovan Heads Office of Strategic Services". Central Intelligence Agency. Dicapai pada March 8, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Menand, Louis (March 14, 2011). "Wild Thing". The New Yorker. Dicapai pada March 14, 2017.
  4. ^ Waller 2011, p. 30.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hendrickson, Raquel. "William J. Donovan From Fighting Irishman to Spymaster". World War 1. Dicapai pada March 14, 2017.
  6. ^ Waller 2011, p. 378.
  7. ^ Floyd, Noelle (January 3, 2014). "Michel Robert receives highest order of France…". Noelle Floyd. Dicapai pada 22 March 2017.
  8. ^ U.S. Army Center of Military History. "Medal of Honor Recipients – World War I". army.mil.

Rujukan

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  • Waller, Douglas (2011). Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage. New York: Free Press. ISBN 1-4165-6744-5.

Bacaan lanjut

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  • Alcorn, Robert (1965). No Banners, No Bands. D. McKay.
  • Brown, Anthony Cave (1982). Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-1021-6. OCLC 123143243. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Clark, Blake; Clark, Nicol (1946). Into Siam. Bobbs-Merrill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Duffy, Francis Patrick Fr. (1919). Father Duffy's Story, New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 366081974
  • Ettinger, Albert M.; Ettinger, A. Churchill (1992). A Doughboy with the Fighting 69th. White Mane Pub. Co. ISBN 0-942597-34-6. OCLC 24846119.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ford, Corey (1970). Donovan of O S S. Little, Brown and Company. OCLC 836436423.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Harris, Stephen L. (2006). Duffy's War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-651-7. OCLC 63692700.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hastings, Max (2015). The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939 -1945 (Paperback) |format= requires |url= (bantuan). London: William Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-750374-2.
  • Hogan, Martin J. (1919). The Shamrock Battalion of the Rainbow: A Story of the Fighting Sixty-Ninth. D. Appleton. OCLC 1896324.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Keehn, Roy D. (1910). Grand Catalogue of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity (ed. 7th). Chicago: Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. OCLC 5469453. Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lovell, Stanley P (1964). Of Spies & Stratagems. Pocket Books. ASIN B0007ESKHE.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Reilly, Henry J.; Heer, F.J. (1936). Americans All, the Rainbow at War: The Official History of the 42nd Rainbow Division in the World War.
  • Smith, R. Harris (1972). OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-02023-5. OCLC 534470.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Srodes, James (1999). Allen Dulles: Master of Spies. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-314-9. OCLC 40744506.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Troy, Thomas F (1981). Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence.

Pautan luar

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Jawatan parti politik
Didahului oleh
Charles H. Tuttle 		Calon Republikan bagi Gabenor New York
1932 		Diikuti oleh:
Robert Moses
Pejabat-pejabat kerajaan
Pejabat baharu Koordinator Maklumat
1941–1942 		Diikuti oleh:
Diri sendiri
Didahului oleh
Diri sendiri
sebagai Koordinator Maklumat 		Pengarah Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik
1942–1945 		Diikuti oleh:
John Magruder
Jawatan diplomatik
Didahului oleh
Edwin F. Stanton 		Duta Besar Amerika Syarikat ke Thailand
1953–1954 		Diikuti oleh:
John Peurifoy
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