Wikipedia

TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK

Templat:Use British English

T129 ATAK
Peranan Helikopter penyerang
National origin Itali / Turkiye[1]
Pengeluar Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)[1]
Kumpulan pereka Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)[1] /
AgustaWestland (Leonardo from 2017)[2]
Penerbangan sulung 28 September 2009
Pengenalan 2014
Status Dalam perkhidmatan
Pengguna utamas Tentera Darat Turkiye
Markas Am Gendarmerie
General Directorate of Security (Turkey)
Philippine Air Force
Dikeluarkan 2009–present
Jumlah dibina 78 (+7 prototypes) (December 2022)[3][4]
Dibangunkan daripada Agusta A129 Mangusta
Dibangunkan kepada TAI T929 ATAK 2[5]

TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK adalah sebuah helikopter penyerang berenjin kembar, pelbagai peranan, semua keadaan cuaca berdasarkan pada rekabentuk helikopter Agusta A129 Mangusta. Ia telah dibangunkan oleh Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI)[1] dengan kerjasama Leonardo S.p.A.[2] Helikopter ini direka untuk melaksanakan misi-misi pengawasan dan serangan dalam persekitaran panas dan sejuk dan keadaan muka bumi yang mencabar pada kedua-dua keadaan siang dan malam.[6][7]

Program ATAK dimulakan bagi memenuhi keperluan Angkatan Tentera Turkiye untuk sebuah helikopter penyerang dan pengawasan taktikal bersenjata. T129 merupakan hasil integrasi avionik, modifikasi kerangka pesawat dan sistem persenjataan yang dibangunkan oleh Turkiye ke dalam kerangka AgustaWestland A129, dengan enjin, transmisi dan rotor yang dinaik taraf. Ia kini digunakan oleh Tentera Darat Turkiye dan beberapa pasukan lain termasuk Gendarmerie Turkiye.[8][9][10] Kos per unit helikopter ini sekitar AS$ 50 juta.[11]

Pembangunan

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Asal

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T129 ATAK at Farnborough International Airshow 2018, Hampshire

Program ATAK dimulakan bagi memenuhi keperluan Angkatan Tentera Turkiye bagi sebuah helikopter pengawasan taktikal dan serangan.[12][sumber tak boleh dipercayai?] Turkiye membuat pengumuman pada 30 Mac 2007 bahawa ia memutuskan untuk berunding dan bekerjasama dengan AgustaWestland untuk membangunkan 51 buah (dengan 40 buah sebagai tambahan) helikopter penyerang berdasarkan pada Agusta A129 Mangusta.[13][14] Ia akan dikilangkan di Turkiye oleh Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) sebagai T129. Pada 7 September 2007, satu kontrak bernilai $1.2 bilion telah ditandatangani.[15][16][17]

On 22 June 2008, the agreement between TUSAS Aerospace Industries (TAI) and AgustaWestland formally entered into force. Under the agreement, TAI would develop an indigenous mission computer, avionics, weapons systems, self-protection suites and the helmet-mounting cuing systems. Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) would manufacture the LHTEC CTS800-4N engines under licence.[18] Under the agreement, Turkey has full marketing and intellectual property rights for the T129 platform; Turkey can export also the platform to third party nations, excluding Italy and the United Kingdom.[19] However, the T129's LHTEC CTS800-4N gives the United States a veto over any prospective export sales and so Turkey developed its own TEI TS1400 powerplant.[20][21][22] About 95% of the initial parts of the serial production T129 are manufactured in Turkey.[1]

On 16 July 2007, the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Meteksan Savunma Sanayii AŞ and Bilkent University formed a consortium to develop an advanced millimetre wave radar (MILDAR), similar to the Longbow and the IAI/ELTA radars, intended to enter service in 2009.[23][24] MILDAR was successfully completed development in February 2012.[25]

In 2007, it was reported that one helicopter will be kept by the Turkish Ministry of Defense and used as a systems development testbed while the remaining 50 T129s will be delivered to the Turkish Army. An optional 40 further T129s will be produced if necessary.[26] These rotorcraft would be designated T129B.[9] In November 2010, Turkey ordered an additional nine T129s, increasing its total on order to 60.[27][28] These T129s were for an urgent Turkish Army operational requirement and was built by TAI for delivery in 2012, one year prior to the delivery of the previously ordered 51 helicopters.[15][29] Designated T129A, these lack advanced anti-tank missiles; as a result of delays, they entered service in 2014.[9]

Ujian penerbangan

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T129 "1001" on display at the 2014 Farnborough Air Display

Pada 28 September 2009, T129 telah membuat penerbangan sulung apabila prototaip, P1 membuat penerbangan di kemudahhan AgustaWestland di Vergiate, Itali.[30] Pada 19 March 2010, prototaip T129 pertama iaitu (P1) telah melakukan ujian "hover" aras tinggi berhampiran Verbania, Itali setelah berjaya menyelesaikan beberapa ujian penerbangan. Semasa ujian apungan (hover) ini, T129 P1 kehilangan kipas ekornya pada ketinggian 15,000 kaki. Juruterbang ujian, Cassioli bagaimanapun berjaya mengawal helikopter dan menjauhi daripada kawasan perumahan sebelum terhempas; krew berjaya menyelamatkan diri tanpa kecederaan serius.[31][32] Pada 17 Ogos 2011, TAI mengumumkan bahawa kejayaan penerbangan pertama bagi T129 prototaip "P6", prototaip pertama daripada tiga buah yang akan dipasang di Turkiye.[33]

Pada 2013, laporan media mendakwa bahawa kumpulan pertama helikopter ini telah diserahkan kepada Tentera Darat Turkiye untuk diuji tidak memenuhi kehendak kontrak, terutamanya dari segi "getaran, keseimbangan, berat". T129 memiliki hidung yang berat; untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini, 137 kg telah ditambah pada ekornya, menyebabkan berat keseluruhan melebihi had yang ditetapkan. Berat yang lebih tinggi mungkin akan menurunkan had ketinggian T129, yang mana akan menjejaskan operasi dalam keadaan cuaca panas dan aras tinggi, sepertimana cuaca di Anatolia Tenggara. Setiausaha Rendah bagi Industri Pertahanan akan mengubah kontrak sekikranya perlu, bagaimanapun pakar-pakar percaya berat keseluruhan akan berkurang seiring dengan kemajuan pembangunan.[34]

Pada 22 April 2014, TAI secara rasmin telah menyerahkan siri pertama produksi T129 kepada Tentera Darat Turkiye.[1] Sejumlah sembilan buah T129 dalam kumpulan pertama diserahkan kepada Tentera Darat Turkiye selepas melengkapkan ujian penyudahan.[35]

HAVELSAN telah membangunkan sebuah sistem simulator untuk T129 dan mempamerkannya di Pameran Industri Pertahanan Antarabangsa (IDEF) 2017.[36]

Sejarah operasi

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Turkiye

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T129 performing an aerial display at the Paris Air Show 2019

In May 2014, the Turkish Army formally inducted the first nine T129s into service; these initial rotorcraft were to a less advanced interim T129A EDH model, intended to replace some of the ageing AH-1s in use prior to the introduction of the more capable T129B variant to service.[37] On 25 April 2015, a pair of T129s were used in combat for the first time in a counter-terrorism operation in Turkey's Siirt Province.[38] Delivery of the final EDH-standard T129s took place on 31 July 2015.[39]

On 10 February 2018, during the Turkish military operation in Afrin, a Turkish Army T129 was shot down by Kurdish YPG anti-aircraft fire in Kırıkhan district of Hatay Province; the loss was confirmed by the Turkish Armed Forces and President Erdoğan.[40]

Filipina

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Philippine Air Force T129B

When the Philippine Air Force (PAF) re-evaluated its capabilities and performance after the siege of Marawi in 2017 against ISIS-inspired terrorists, it found that the MD-520MG Defender and the newer AW-109E Power armed helicopters did not have sufficient firepower.[41][42] In 2017, the Philippine government received confirmation from the Jordanian government that they would provide two used Bell AH-1S Cobra attack helicopters,[43][44] with options for more, subject to the decision of the Jordanian government.[45]

Instead of acquiring more light armed helicopters, the PAF favoured purpose-built attack helicopters, even if acquired in smaller quantities. In the end, the PAF's Technical Working Group (TWG) selected the T129 due to its lower price than its American competitors in 2018.[46][42] The delay was due to sanctions on supplying the LHTEC T800-4A engines, which was eventually resolved when the US approved the helicopters for export.[46][47][48] TAI was able to offer six T129s for the approved budget of around Php 13.8 Billion.[49][50]

In 2021, the Department of National Defense signed a contract for the purchase of six T129Bs for Php13.7 billion via a government-to-government deal with the Turkish Ministry of Defense.[51][52] By December 2022, a total of four T129Bs and accompanying spare parts and logistical support had been accepted by the PAF; the last two helicopters were expected to be completed and delivered by 2023.[47] The T129Bs are to be deployed to the 15th Strike Wing.[53]

On May 2024, two more T129s has formally entered active duty, effectively completing the delivery of six helicopters.[54][55]

Nigeria

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According to a statement by the Turkish Aerospace Industries General Manager Temel Kotil during the Farnborough Airshow, TAI will provide six T129s to Nigeria under a recent contract.[56][57] In January 2023, the Nigerian Air Chief announced that Nigeria will receive 6 T129s by the end of the first quarter of 2023.[58] In November 2023, Nigeria took delivery of 2 T129 ATAK helicopters.[59]

Pengguna berpotentsi

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T129 on static display at the Paris Air Show, 2017

Brazil

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Pada September 2018, Brazil telah menunjukan minat untuk memperoleh T129 apabila para pegawai tentera darat telah melawat Turkiye. Pada Mac 2019, 10 orang juruterbang Tentera Darat Brazil telah menerima sijil setelah menjalani ujian penerbangan T129 di Forte Ricardo Kirk, Taubaté.[60][61]

Iraq

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Dalam satu siaran TV Iraq, menteri pertahanan Iraq telah mengumumkan pada bulan Ogos 2021 bahawa Iraq akan memperoleh 12 buah helikopter T129 ATAK.[62]

Pakistan

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In 2017, Pakistan indicated that it was interested in possibly purchasing the T129 for the Pakistan Army Aviation Corps (PAAC), as a replacement to their ageing Bell AH-1F Cobra gunships; the PAAC had extensively tested the T129 and the Z-10ME in 2016.[63][64]

In May 2018, Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Parti) announced that Pakistan is purchasing 30 T129s for US$1.5 billion, which Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) confirmed in July.[65] However, Pakistan's T129 purchase has been politically complicated; the United States Department of Defense (DoD) refused to issue the export license for the LHTEC T800-4A engines that power the gunships owing to diplomatic issues between the United States and Turkey.[66] In 2020, Pakistan granted a one-year extension to TAI so that the latter could persuade the DoD to issue the required export license; TAI also approached its sister company, Tusaş Engine Industries, to develop an indigenous engine for the T129 as a possible replacement for the T800-4A.[67] TAI also hired a U.S-based lobbying firm, Capitol Counsel, to promote the issue to U.S lawmakers.[68] In 2021, Pakistan granted a six-month extension to TAI in a further bid to resolve the issue.[67]

In January 2022, multiple reports of Pakistan cancelling the T129 deal in favor of the Z-10ME emerged.[69][70] However, the Pakistani military's public relations wing - the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR), denied the reports, stating that the deal had not been terminated.[71][72]

Qatar

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Pada bulan Januari 2019, laporan mengatakan bahawa Qatar telah menandatangani satu persetujuan awal untuk membeli T129.[73]

Arab Saudi

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Pada tahun 2011, Arab Saudi meminta Turkiye untuk menyertai sebuah tender untuk mengeluarkan helikopter penyerang untuk Tentera Udara Arab Saudi.[74]

Bidaan yang gagal

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Maghribi

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Pada 31 Julai 2021, terdapat laporan mengatakan bahawa Maghribi berada dalam "tahap rundingan lanjut" dengan Turkiye untuk pembelian 22 buah T129.[75] Sumber-sumber tambahan mendakwa rundingan sebelumnya telah dihentikan pada tahun 2018 di sebabkan oleh sekatan Amerika Syarikat.[76]Templat:Update inline

Korea Selatan

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Pada bulan Januari 2013, satu laporan media melaporkan bahawa persaingan helikopter penyerang Korea Selatan menyenaraikan T129 dalam tiga pembida akhir selain daripada Bell AH-1Z Viper dan Boeing AH-64 Apache.[77][78] Bagaimanapun, AH-64E Apache telah terpilih pada bulan April 2013.[79]

Versi

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T129A EDH (Erken Duhul Helikopteri or Early Delivery Helicopter)
T129A is the "combat support" version equipped with a 20 mm gatling gun and rounds and can carry 70 mm (2.75 in) rockets; nine T129As have been ordered.[80] Six helicopters have been delivered to the Turkish Army. The T129As are to be upgraded to the T129B standard.[9]
T129B
T129B is the "multi-role" version equipped with electronic warfare systems. 51 helicopters are to be produced, with one to be used as a weapons testbed. The T129B is armed with a 20 mm gatling gun and can carry a varied payload of eight UMTAS ATGMs, 16 Cirit missiles, eight air launched Stinger, 76 70 mm (2.75 in) unguided rockets.[6]

Pengguna

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  Filipina
  Nigeria
  Turki

Spesifikasi (T129 ATAK)

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Kiri ke kanan : pod roket tanpa panduan 70 mm untuk 19 butir roket, 2 peluru berpandu Stinger, pod pelancaran untuk 4 buah peluru berpandu Cirit, 4 UMTAS ATGM
 
meriam putar tiga laras M197 20 mm dan sistem elektro-optikal ASELFLIR-300T FLIR

Data dari Turkish Aerospace Industries[6][1]

Ciri-ciri umum

  • Krew: 2
  • Panjang: 14.54 m (47 ka 8 in)
  • Tinggi: 3.4 m (11 ka 2 in)
  • Berat berlepas maks: 5,056 kg (11,147 lb)
  • Janakuasa: 2 × LHTEC CTS800-4A turbin aci, 1,024 kW (1,373 hp) setiap enjin [1]
  • Diameter rotor utama: 11.9 m (39 ka 1 in)
  • Luas rotor utama: 111.22 m2 (1,197.2 ka2)

Prestasi

  • Halaju maksimum: 281 km/j (175 mph, 152 kn) ("halaju krus maksima")
  • Jarak: 537 km (334 bt, 290 nmi)
  • Julat feri: 1,000 km (620 bt, 540 nmi)
  • Endurance: 3 hr
  • Had khidmat: 4,572 m (15,000 ka)
  • Kadar mendaki: 13.26 m/s (2,610 ft/min) , kadar daki menegak 7.3 m/s

Persenjataan

Avionik

Lihat juga

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Pembangunan berkaitan

Pesawat setanding

Senarai berkaitan

Rujukan

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