Sekatan Berlin
Sekatan Berlin (24 Jun 1948 – 12 Mei 1949) merupakan salah satu krisis besar pertama antarabangsa dalam Perang Dingin. Semasa pendudukan multinasional pasca-Perang Dunia II di Jerman, pihak Soviet Union menyekat laluan keretapi, jalan, dan terusan Sekutu Barat ke sektor-sektor Berlin dibawah kawalan Barat. Pihak Soviet menawarkan pembatalan sekatan jika Sekutu Barat menarik balik matawang Deutsche Mark yang baru diperkenalkan dari Berlin Barat.
Sebagai tindak balas, Sekutu Barat mewujudkan angkutan udara Berlin (26 Jun 1948 – 30 September 1949) untuk membawa bekalan kepada orang-orang Berlin Barat, satu usaha yang sukar memandangkan saiz penduduk bandaraya itu.[1][2] Askar udara dari Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat, Tentera Udara Diraja British, Tentera Udara Perancis,[3] Tentera Udara Diraja Kanada, Tentera Udara Diraja Australia, Tentera Udara Diraja New Zealand, dan Tentera Udara Afrika Selatan[4]:338 membuat lebih 200,000 penerbangan dalam masa setahun, membekalkan penduduk Berlin Barat sehingga 8,893 tan keperluan setiap hari, seperti bahan bakar dan makanan.[5] Pihak Soviet tidak mengganggu angkutan udara itu kerana bimbang ia mungkin membawa konflik yang terbuka.[6]
Menjelang musim bunga 1949, angkutan udara itu jelas berjaya, dan pada April ia menghantar lebih banyak kargo yang sebelum ini dihantar melalui keretapi. Pada 12 Mei 1949, KRSS membatalkan sekatan Berlin Barat. Sekatan Berlin menyerlahkan persaingan visi ideologi dan ekonomi bagi Eropah pasca perang.
Lihat juga
sunting- Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin, novel oleh Leon Uris mengisahkan tentang bantuan udara itu.
- Berlin Airlift Device untuk pingat Army of Occupation dan Navy Occupation Service
- The Big Lift, sebuah filem pada tahun 1950 tentang pengalaman beberapa orang Amerika ketika operasi bantuan.
- Deutsche Mark (Bahagian 'Pembaharuan matawang Jun 1948')
- Mark Jerman Timur
- Medal for Humane Action Pingat Amerika untuk yang terlibat operasi bantuan.
- Heinrich Rau 1945–1949, pengurusi pentadbiran Jerman Timur ketika itu.
Nota kaki
suntingNota
Petikan
- ^ Journey Across Berlin (1961). Universal Newsreel. 1957. Dicapai pada 22 February 2012.
- ^ Air Force Story, The – Cold War, 1948–1950 (1953). Universal Newsreel. 1953. Dicapai pada 22 February 2012.
- ^ Jacques Bariéty (1994). "La France et la crise internationale du blocus de Berlin". Histoire, économie et société; Volume 13; numéro 1. m/s. 29–44. Dicapai pada 11 June 2017.
- ^ "5 – National Security". South Africa: a country study (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1997. ISBN 0-8444-0796-8. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (pdf) pada 4 September 2012. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (bantuan) - ^ Nash, Gary B. "The Next Steps: The Marshall Plan, NATO, and NSC-68." The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. P 828.
- ^ Michael Laird, "Wars averted: Chanak 1922, Burma 1945–47, Berlin 1948." The Journal of Strategic Studies (1996) 19#3 pp: 343-364.
Rujukan
sunting- Beschloss, Michael R. (2003), The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-6085-6
- Canwell, Diane (2008), Berlin Airlift, the, Gretna: Pelican Publishing, ISBN 978-1-58980-550-7
- Cherny, Andrei (2008), The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, ISBN 978-0-399-15496-6
- Eglin, Roger; Ritchie, Berry (1980), Fly me, I'm Freddie, London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-77746-7
- Harrington, Daniel F. Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War (2012), University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY, ISBN 978-08131-3613-4.
- Larson, Deborah Welch. "The Origins of Commitment: Truman and West Berlin," Journal of Cold War Studies, 13#1 Winter 2011, pp. 180–212
- Lewkowicz, N (2008), The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War, Milan: IPOC, ISBN 978-88-95145-27-3
- Miller, Roger Gene (1998), To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (pdf), US Government printing office, 1998-433-155/92107
- Miller, Roger Gene (2000), To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-967-1
- Schrader, Helena P. The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift (2011)
- Stent, Angela (2000), Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-05040-9
- Tunner, LTG (USAF) WIlliam H. (1998) [1964], Over the Hump, Duell, Sloan and Pearce (USAF History and Museums Program)
- Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03865-8
- Wettig, Gerhard (2008), Stalin and the Cold War in Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-5542-9
Bacaan lanjut
sunting- Giangreco, D. M.; Griffin, Robert E. (1988). Airbridge to Berlin : The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-329-4.
- Launius, Roger D.; Cross, Coy F. (1989). MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift. Scott Air Force Base IL: Office of History, Military Airlift Command,. OCLC 21306003.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- Lucas, F. L. (1960). "A Glimpse of History: Berlin of the Air-Lift, 1948". The Greatest Problem, and Other Essays. New York: Macmillan & Co. An enlargement of two Manchester Guardian articles (19/10/48 and 20/10/48).
- Nash, Gary B.; Jeffrey, Julie Roy; Howe, John R.; Frederick, Peter J. (2007). The American People Creating a Nation and a Society (ed. 6th). New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0-205-56843-7.
Pautan luar
sunting| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Sekatan Berlin |
- "The Berlin Airlift". American Experience. Dicapai pada 5 March 2007. – A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift.
- Operation Plainfare
- The Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation's Website
- Luftbruecke: Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin
- Agreement to divide Berlin
- Memorandum for the President: The Situation in Germany, 23 July 1948
- Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success
- Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Berlin Airlift)
- Berlin Airlift US Department of Defense
- "Berlin Airlift". Dicapai pada 22 October 2007. – A 1948 propaganda film about the airlift, told from the British point of view.
- title di Pangkalan Data Filem Internet (IMDb)
- The Berlin Airlift
- Filem pendek BERLIN AIR LIFT (OUTTAKES FROM "OPERATIONS VITTLES") ini boleh didapati untuk muat turun percuma di Internet Archive.
- McFadden, SSG Joe W. (November 28, 2016). "Candy Bomber rededicates Frankfurt's Berlin Airlift Memorial". 52d Fighter Wing Public Affairs. Dicapai pada November 30, 2016.