Satira

Satira (daripada ungkapan bahasa Latin lanx satura, "sepinggan campuran makanan^[1]^[2] dari satura "penuh") adalah gaya bahasa untuk menyatakan sindiran terhadap suatu keadaan atau seseorang^[3] secara mengkritik melalui penunjukan sesuatu gagasan, kebiasaan, dan lain-lain^[4] untuk diperolokkan dan ditertawakan agar dijadikan dorongan menuju suatu pembaharuan dari keadaan penuh kelemahan sebelumnya.^[5] Satira biasanya disampaikan dalam bentuk ironi, sarkasme, atau parodi.

Satira itu mampu memahamkan penonton terhadap sesebuah masyarakat dengan menggali dalam kesedaran terkumpul para anggotanya dari segi nilai, pemikiran serta kuasa yang dipegang dalam kelompok disasarkan.^[6]^[7]

Sejarah perkembangan

Aristophanes merupakan antara satirawan awal terkenal yang menyentuh kekurangan masyarakat dan politik yang berlaku sezamannya^[8] sehinggakan beliau dihukum atas pengkaryaannya.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Al-Jahiz mempopularkan gaya satira dalam kesusasteraan Arab pada abad ke-9 di mana beliau menggunakan pendekatan hija yang memudahkan penerimaan sesuatu topik berat melalui pemasukan anekdot atau catatan ringan berkaitan mahupun membuang butiran yang lewah.^[12] Inovasi ini turut dilanjutkan dengan perkenalan kefahaman "komedi" Yunani yang dijabarkan Aristoteles melalui karya-karyanya yang kemudiannya dibincangkan banyak ilmuwan termasuk Al-Farabi, Ibnu Rusyd dan Ibnu Sina.

Rujukan

^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
^ Kharpertian, Theodore D (1990), "Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire", dalam Kharpertian (penyunting), A hand to turn the time: the Menippean satires of Thomas Pynchon, m/s. 25–7, ISBN 9780838633618. However, the use of the word lanx in this phrase is disputed by B.L. Ullman, Satura and Satire (Class.Phil. 1913).
^ Hawkins, Joyce M. (2008). Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar : bahasa Inggeris-bahasa Malaysia, bahasa Malaysia-bahasa Inggeris (ed. Ed. ke-4 dikemaskinikan.). Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar. m/s. 357 (bhg Inggeris-Melayu). ISBN 9789834503697.
^ Wicaksono, Andri (2014). Catatan Ringkas Stilistika (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Sleman: Garudhawaca. m/s. 44. ISBN 978-602-7949-24-9.
^ Elliott, Robert C (2004), "The nature of satire", Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Deloria, Vine (1969), "Indian humor", Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto, m/s. 146, ISBN 9780806121291, Irony and satire provide much keener insights into a group's collective psyche and values than do years of [conventional] research as quoted in Ryan, Allan J (1999), The trickster shift: humour and irony in contemporary native art, m/s. 9, ISBN 9780774807043
^ Nash, Roderick Frazier (1970), "21. The New Humor", The Call of the Wild: 1900–1916, m/s. 203, Humor is one of the best indicators of popular thought. To ask what strikes a period as funny is to probe its deepest values and tastes.
^ ^a ^b Sutton, DF (1993), Ancient Comedy: The War of the Generations, New York, m/s. 56
^ Bates, Alfred, penyunting (1906), "Political and social satires of Aristophanes", The Drama, Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, 2, London: Historical Publishing, m/s. 55–59
^ Atkinson, JE (1992), "Curbing the Comedians: Cleon versus Aristophanes and Syracosius' Decree", The Classical Quarterly, New, 42 (1): 56–64, doi:10.1017/s0009838800042580, JSTOR 639144
^ Anderson, John Louis, Aristophanes: the Michael Moore of his Day, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Oktober 19, 2006
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1976). The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: the Banū Sāsān in Arabic Society and Literature. Brill. m/s. 32. ISBN 90-04-04392-6.

Rencana berkaitan dengan kesusasteraan ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary

[Kharpertian-2] Kharpertian, Theodore D (1990), "Thomas Pynchon and Postmodern American Satire", dalam Kharpertian (penyunting), A hand to turn the time: the Menippean satires of Thomas Pynchon, m/s. 25–7, ISBN 9780838633618. However, the use of the word lanx in this phrase is disputed by B.L. Ullman, Satura and Satire (Class.Phil. 1913).

[3] Hawkins, Joyce M. (2008). Kamus dwibahasa Oxford Fajar : bahasa Inggeris-bahasa Malaysia, bahasa Malaysia-bahasa Inggeris (ed. Ed. ke-4 dikemaskinikan.). Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar. m/s. 357 (bhg Inggeris-Melayu). ISBN 9789834503697.

[4] Wicaksono, Andri (2014). Catatan Ringkas Stilistika (dalam bahasa Indonesia). Sleman: Garudhawaca. m/s. 44. ISBN 978-602-7949-24-9.

[5] Elliott, Robert C (2004), "The nature of satire", Encyclopædia Britannica

[Deloria69p146-6] Deloria, Vine (1969), "Indian humor", Custer Died For Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto, m/s. 146, ISBN 9780806121291, Irony and satire provide much keener insights into a group's collective psyche and values than do years of [conventional] research as quoted in Ryan, Allan J (1999), The trickster shift: humour and irony in contemporary native art, m/s. 9, ISBN 9780774807043

[Nash1970p203-7] Nash, Roderick Frazier (1970), "21. The New Humor", The Call of the Wild: 1900–1916, m/s. 203, Humor is one of the best indicators of popular thought. To ask what strikes a period as funny is to probe its deepest values and tastes.

[Sutton,_D._F._1993_p.56-8] Sutton, DF (1993), Ancient Comedy: The War of the Generations, New York, m/s. 56

[9] Bates, Alfred, penyunting (1906), "Political and social satires of Aristophanes", The Drama, Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, 2, London: Historical Publishing, m/s. 55–59

[10] Atkinson, JE (1992), "Curbing the Comedians: Cleon versus Aristophanes and Syracosius' Decree", The Classical Quarterly, New, 42 (1): 56–64, doi:10.1017/s0009838800042580, JSTOR 639144

[11] Anderson, John Louis, Aristophanes: the Michael Moore of his Day, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada Oktober 19, 2006

[12] Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1976). The Mediaeval Islamic Underworld: the Banū Sāsān in Arabic Society and Literature. Brill. m/s. 32. ISBN 90-04-04392-6.

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