Rusuhan Gujarat 2002
Rusuhan Gujarat 2002, yang juga dikenali sebagai keganasan Gujarat 2002 dan pogrom Gujarat,[4][5][6][7] ialah tempoh keganasan antara kaum di negara barat Gujarat selama tiga hari. Berikutan kejadian awal, terdapat lagi keganasan di Ahmedabad selama tiga bulan; seluruh negara, terdapat lagi wabak keganasan terhadap penduduk minoriti Muslim untuk tahun depan.[8][9] Pembakaran kereta api di Godhra pada 27 Februari 2002, yang mengakibatkan kematian 58 orang jemaah Hindu karsevaks yang kembali dari Ayodhya, disebut sebagai telah menghasut keganasan.[10][11][12][13]
| Rusuhan Gujarat 2002 | |
|---|---|
 Latar langit Ahmedabad penuh dengan asap ketika bangunan dan kedai-kedai dibakar oleh perusuh rusuhan | |
| Tarikh | Februari – Mac 2002 |
| Lokasi | |
| Punca | Pembakaran kereta api Godhra |
| Kaedah | Rusuhan, pogrom, kebakaran, pemerkosaan, penculikan, pembunuhan beramai-ramai |
| Korban | |
| Maut | 790 Muslim and 254 Hindu (rasmi) 1,926 kepada 2,000+ keseluruhan (sumber lain)[1][2][3] |
| Tercedera | 2,500+ |
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Setalvad, Teesta. "Talk by Teesta Setalvad at Ramjas college (March 2017)". www.youtube.com. You tube. Dicapai pada 4 July 2017.
- ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. Dicapai pada 5 November 2013.
- ^ The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective. Charles C Thomas Publisher. 2009. m/s. 28. ISBN 9780398079956.
- ^ Ghassem-Fachand 2012, m/s. 1-2.
- ^ Bilgrami, Akeel (1 February 2013). Democratic Culture: Historical and Philosophical Essays. Routledge. m/s. 143–. ISBN 978-1-136-19777-2.
- ^ Berenschot, Ward (11 June 2014). "Rioting as Maintaining Relations: Hindu-Muslim Violence and Political Mediation in Gujarat, India". Dalam Jutta Bakonyi; Berit Bliesemann de Guevara (penyunting). A Micro-Sociology of Violence: Deciphering Patterns and Dynamics of Collective Violence. Routledge. m/s. 18–37. ISBN 978-1-317-97796-4.
- ^ Indian Social Institute (2002). The Gujarat pogrom: compilation of various reports. Dicapai pada 2014-12-06.
- ^ Ghassem-Fachand 2012.
- ^ Escherle, Nora Anna (2013). Gabriele Rippl; Philipp Schweighauser; Tiina Kirss; Margit Sutrop; Therese Steffen (eds.). Haunted Narratives: Life Writing in an Age of Trauma (3rd Revised ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-4426-4601-8
- ^ Nezar AlSayyad, Mejgan Massoumi (2010-09-13). The Fundamentalist City?: Religiosity and the Remaking of Urban Space. Routledge. m/s. 34. ISBN 9781136921209.
godhra train burning which led to the gujarat riots of 2002
- ^ Sanjeevini Badigar Lokhande (2016-10-13). Communal Violence, Forced Migration and the State: Gujarat since 2002. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 98. ISBN 9781107065444.
gujarat 2002 riots caused godhra burning
- ^ Resurgent India. Prabhat Prakashan. 2014. m/s. 70. ISBN 9788184302011.
- ^ Isabelle Clark-Decès (2011-02-10). A Companion to the Anthropology of India. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444390582.
the violence occurred in the aftermath of a fire that broke out in carriage of the Sabarmati Express train
Bibliografi
sunting- Brass, Paul R. (15 July 2005). The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of Washington Press. m/s. 388. ISBN 978-0-295-98506-0.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Bunsha, Dionne (2005). Scarred: Experiments With Violence In Gujarat. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-400076-0.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Engineer, Asgharali (2003). The Gujarat Carnage. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2496-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Ghassem-Fachandi, Parvis (2012). Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India (PDF). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15177-9.
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2011). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. C Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1849041386.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (2014). Modi, Muslims and Media: Voices from Narendra Modi's Gujarat. Manushi Publications. ISBN 978-81-929352-0-1.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Marino, Andy (2014). Narendra Modi: A Political Biography. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5136-217-3.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Mitta, Manoj (2014). The Fiction of Fact-Finding: Modi & Godhra. HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5029-187-0.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Oommen, T. K. (2008). Reconciliation in Post-Godhra Gujarat: The Role of Civil Society. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1546-8.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Shani, Ornit (2007). Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-72753-2.
- Simpson, Edward (2009). Muslim Society and the Western Indian Ocean: The Seafarers of Kachchh. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-54377-4.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
- Varadarajan, Siddharth, penyunting (2002). Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy. Penguin (India). ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4. Unknown parameter
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