Wikipedia

Radha

Radha (Sanskrit: राधा, IAST: Rādhā); atau dipanggil juga Radhika ialah permaisuri agung Sri Krishna. Dewi Radha disembah sebagai permaisuri kekasih Sri Krishna dan permaisuri yang berkahwin dengan Sri Krishna, dalam banyak Purana, Dewi Radha dianggap permaisuri utama Sri Krishna dan lengkap avatar Dewi Lakshmi bersama Dewi Rukmini. Dalam Brahmavaivarta Purana dan Garga Samshita, Dewi Radha dianggap sebagai isteri pertama Sri Krishna di Vrindavan yang dipisahkan kerana kutukan selama 100 tahun.[4][5]

Radha
Ahli Panch Prakriti[1]
Nama lainRadhe, Radhika, Madhavi, Keshavi, Shreeji, Kishori, Shyama, Radharani, Rahimai, Golokakeshwari, Vaikunthakeshwari, Mahalakshmi, Jagat Janani, Trilok Sundari, Sarveshwari, Aparajita, Anutarra, Madhava-Manoharini, Nitya-Gehini, Mulaprakriti, Gaurangi, Raaseshwari, Krishnamitka, Krishnaneshwari, Krishnakanta, Krishnapriya, Kameshi, Madan-Mohini, Brahmanda-Paripalini, Bhaktananda-Pradayini, Isvari, Gati-Nistha Gati-Prada, Sarva-Jiveshwari, Paripurna Purnatara, Girbana-Vandya, Jivananda-Pradiyani, Nitya, Girbana, Sevya, Nanda-Sutaradhya, Nandanandana-PatVedatita, Vrindavaneshwari, Barsananeshwari, Mathuraneshwari, Saumya-kulodvaha, Kulina, Abhistada,
Disembah diRadha Vallabh Sampradaya, Nimbarka Sampradaya, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Pushtimarg, Mahanam Sampraday, Swaminarayan Sampradaya, Vaishnava-Sahajiya, Haridasi Sampradaya[2]
Gabungan
Tempat tinggalGoloka, Vaikuntha ,Vrindavan, Barsana
Mantera
SimbolTeratai Emas
TeksBrahma Vaivarta Purana, Vishnu Purana, Shrimad Bhagavatam Mahapuran, Devi-Bhagavatam Purana, Matsya Purana, Naradiya Purana, Padma Purana, Skanda Purana, Shiva Purana, Gita Govinda, Gopala Tapani Upanishad, Garga Samhita, Brahma Samhita, Chaitanya Charitamrita, Mahabharata (Sebagai Shreeji).
JantinaWanita
PerayaanRadhashtami, Holi, Sri Radha Kalyanam , Sharad Purnima, Kartik Purnima, Gopashtami, Lathmar Holi, Jhulan Purnima
Maklumat peribadi
Kelahiran
Barsana (Rawal), Uttar Pradesh, India
Ibu bapa
PasanganKrishna
DinastiYaduvanshi-Chandravanshi

Radha bermaksud 'seorang yang menenangkan'. Beberapa buah Purana, menyatakan bahawa Vrishabanu dan Kalavati ialah ibu bapanya.[6]

Dalam hikayat keagamaan yang popular di kalangan penganut Hindu, Rādhā sering dikaitkan dengan Sri Krishna. Pada permulaannya, perlu disebutkan bahawa Rādhā tidak disebut dalam empat sumber utama riwayat Sri Krishna: Mahabharata, Harivaṁśa, Viṣṇupurāṇa, dan Bhāgavata. Namun, terdapat satu rujukan dalam Bhāgavata (10.30.25 dan seterusnya) kepada seorang gopī bertuah yang pergi bersendirian dengan Sri Krishna sebelum Rāsakrīḍā. Perkataan yang digunakan di sini—anayārādhitaḥ (= ditenangkan olehnya)—mungkin menjadi benih bagi konsep Rādhā yang kemudiannya, sebagai gopī yang paling disayangi oleh Sri Krishna.[7]

Kisah Rādhā secara terperinci muncul dalam Kṛṣṇajanma-khaṇḍa daripada Brahma-vaivartapurāṇa, sebuah karya yang terkemudian. Dalam teks ini, Radha digambarkan sebagai muncul daripada Sri Krishna dan sebagai Śakti atau kekuatannya. Mungkin penyair Jayadeva (tahun 1200 M) yang telah mengabadikannya melalui karya lirik terkenal, Gītagovinda. Vaishnavisme Bengal yang diperkembangkan oleh Sri Krishna Caitanya (1485-1533 M) dan yang lain-lain, telah memberikan Rādhā tempat yang unik dalam teologi dan metafizik Sri Krishna mereka.

Adalah berkemungkinan bahawa 'Prakṛti-pradhāna' (Ibu Alam) dalam sistem falsafah Sankhya yang terdahulu secara beransur-ansur telah berubah menjadi keperibadian Rādhā dalam aliran teologi Vaishnava yang terkemudian.

Petikan

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[8] A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism

Sumber

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  • Archer, W. G. (2004) [1957]. The Loves of Krishna in Indian Painting and Poetry. Mineola, NY: Dover Publ. ISBN 0-486-43371-4.
  • Banerjee, Samanta (1993). Appropriation of a Folk-heroine: Radha in Medieval Bengali Vaishnavite Culture. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. ISBN 8185952086.
  • Beck, Guy L. (2005). "Krishna as Loving Husband of God: The Alternative Krishnology of the Rādhāvallabha Sampradaya". Dalam Guy L. Beck (penyunting). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. m/s. 65–90. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
  • Chemburkar, Jaya (1976). "Srīrādhikānāmasahasram". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1/4 (1/4): 107–116. JSTOR 41692239.
  • Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
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  • Dimock, Jr, E.C. (1963). "Doctrine and Practice among the Vaisnavas of Bengal". History of Religions. 3 (1): 106–127. doi:10.1086/462474. JSTOR 1062079. S2CID 162027021.
  • Hardy, Friedhelm E. (1987). "Kṛṣṇaism". Dalam Mircea Eliade (penyunting). The Encyclopedia of Religion. 8. New York: MacMillan. m/s. 387–392. ISBN 978-0-02897-135-3 – melalui Encyclopedia.com.
  • Hawley, John Stratton (2005). Three Bhakti Voices. Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195670851.
  • Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie, penyunting (1982). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Berkeley religious studies series, 3. Berkeley, Ca: Graduate Theological Union. ISBN 0-89581-102-2.
  • Hayes, Glen Alexander (2005). "Contemporary Metaphor Theory and Alternative Views of Krishna and Rādhā in Vaishnava Sahajiyā". Dalam Guy L. Beck (penyunting). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. m/s. 19–32. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
  • Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
  • Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.
  • Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). "Radha". The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. m/s. 542. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
  • Love Song of the Dark Lord: Jayadeva's Gītagovinda. Diterjemahkan oleh Miller, Barbara Stoler. New York: Columbia University Press. 1977. ISBN 0231040288.
  • Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (July–October 1955). "A Note on the Development of Radha Cult". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 36 (3/4): 231–257. JSTOR 44082959.
  • McDaniel, June (2000). "The Tantric Rādhā". Journal of Vaishnava Studies. 8 (2): 131–146.
  • Menzies, Jackie (2006). Goddess: divine energy. Art Gallery of New South Wales. ISBN 9780734763969.
  • Miller, Barbara S. (1975). "Rādhā: Consort of Kṛṣṇa's Vernal Passion". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 95 (4): 655–671. doi:10.2307/601022. JSTOR 601022.
  • Mishra, Baba (1999). "Radha and her contour in Orissan culture". In Orissan history, culture and archaeology. In Felicitation of Prof. P.K. Mishra. Ed. by S. Pradhan. (Reconstructing Indian History & Culture 16). New Delhi. pp. 243–259.
  • Pauwels, Heidi R.M. (1996). "The Great Goddess and Fulfilment in Love: Rādhā Seen Through a Sixteenth-Century Lens". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 59 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00028548. JSTOR 619389. S2CID 162315694.
  • Pauwels, Heidi R.M. (2008). The Goddess as Role Model: Sita and Radha in Scripture and on Screen. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970857-4.
  • Pintchman, Tracy (2005). "Domesticating Krishna: Friendship, Marriage, and Women's Experience in a Hindu Women's Ritual". Dalam Guy L. Beck (penyunting). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. m/s. 43–64. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
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  • Rosenstein, Ludmila L. (1997). "The Devotional Poetry of Svami Haridas". A Study of Early Braj Bhasa Verse. Groningen Oriental Studies, 12. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
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Rujukan

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  1. ^ Ludo Rocher (1988). "The Purāṇas (A History of Indian Literature". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 51 (2): 355.
  2. ^ Lavanya Vemasani (2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 222–223. ISBN 9781610692106.
  3. ^ Menzies 2006, m/s. 54.
  4. ^ "Radha". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Dicapai pada 2020-12-13.
  5. ^ Lochtefeld 2002, m/s. 542.
  6. ^ https://references.rkmm.org/external/manual/a-concise-encyclopaedia-of-hinduism/article/cover?p=03408e62817b3af3099725755af0978b04fddd5ece0745ea1b7f78cbb5508433
  7. ^ Swami Harshananda, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, Vol.2 p.213-214
  8. ^ Abbreviations, De Gruyter, 1992-12-31, m/s. 987–992, dicapai pada 2024-12-11
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