Wikipedia

Pertempuran Kriti

(Dilencongkan daripada Pertempuran Crete)

Pertempuran Kriti (Jerman: Luftlandeschlacht um Kreta, Yunani: Μάχη της Κρήτης, juga dikenali Unternehmen Merkur (Operasi Mercury), telah berlaku di pulau Kriti, Yunani semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Ia bermula pada pagi 20 Mei 1941, apabila Jerman Nazi melancarkan serangan hantaran udara ke atas Kriti. Tentera Yunani, tentera Berikat yang lain serta dengan penduduk awam Kriti mempertahankan pulau tersebut.[8] Selepas sehari pertempuran, pihak Jerman telah mengalami mangsa korban yang sangat banyak dan tentera Bersekutu yakin bahawa mereka mampu mengalahkan pencerobohan itu. Keesokkan harinya lapangan terbang Maleme di barat pulau tersebut dimusnahkan akibat kegagalan komunikasi, taktikal Bersekutu yang teragak-agak dan operasi penyerangan Jerman. Perkara tersebut membolehkan pihak Jerman mendaratkan pasukan bantuan dan mengatasi posisi pertahanan di utara pulau ini. Tentera Berikat berundur ke pantai selatan. Lebih separuh telah dipindahkan oleh Tentera Laut Diraja; yang selebihnya menyerah diri atau menyertai Penentang Kriti.

Pertempuran Kriti
Sebahagian daripada Kancah Mediterranean Perang Dunia Kedua

Askar paracut Jerman (Fallschirmjäger) mendarat di Kriti
Tarikh20 Mei – 1 Jun 1941 (11 hari)
Lokasi
Kriti, Yunani
Keputusan Kemenangan yang merugikan Kuasa Paksi[1][2][3]
Pihak yang terlibat
 United Kingdom
 Kerajaan Beraja Yunani
 Australia
 New Zealand		  Jerman Nazi
 Itali
Komandan dan pemimpin
New Zealand Bernard Freyberg Jerman Nazi Kurt Student
Kekuatan
United Kingdom:
15,000
Greece:
11,451[4]
Australia:
7,100
New Zealand:
6,700
Jumlah:
40,000–61,800[5] (10,000 tanpa keupayaan tempur)[6]		 Jerman:
14,000[perlu rujukan] askar payung terjun
15,000[perlu rujukan] askar gunung
280 pengebom
150 pengebom junam
180 pesawat pejuang
500 pesawat pengangkut
80 buah peluncur
Itali:
2,700
Kerugian dan korban

4,123 terkorban
cedera tidak diketahui
17,479 ditawan.

4 kruiser dan 6 pembinasa tenggelam.
1 pengangkut pesawat, 2 kapal tempur, 4 kruiser, 2 pembinasa, 1 kapal selam rosak.		 Jumlah: 6,698
284 pesawat Luftwaffe musnah atau ranap dan beratus lagi rosak.[7]
1 pembinasa Itali rosak
1 bot torpedo Itali rosak

Pertempuran ini merupakan pertempuran pertama yang menggunakan Fallschirmjäger (Askar payung terjun Jerman) secara besar-besaran, pencerobohan besar hantaran udara pertama dalam sejarah ketenteraan, pertama kali pihak Berikat menjadikan signifikan penggunaan risikan dari penyahsulitan perutusan-perutusan Jerman dari Mesin Enigma dan kali pertama tentera Jerman mendapat tentangan besar-besaran daripada orang awam.[9] Bilangan korban tinggi daripada pasukan payung terjun Jerman menyebabkan Adolf Hitler melarang operasi besar hantaran udara yang seterusnya. Sebaliknya, pihak Berikat kagum dengan potensi pasukan payung terjun dan mula membentuk serangan airborne dan rejimen pertahanan lapangan terbang.

Lihat juga

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[a]

Nota

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  1. ^ Participants on the battle included David Coke • Roald Dahl • Roy Farran • Bernard Freyberg • Clive Hulme • Robert Laycock • Patrick Leigh Fermor • John Pendlebury • George Psychoundakis • Max Schmeling • Theodore Stephanides • Evelyn Waugh (battle portrayed in the novel Officers and Gentlemen, part of the Sword of Honour trilogy) • Lawrence Durrell • Charles Upham • Geoffrey Cox • Dan Davin (New Zealand Official Historian of the battle)

Nota kaki

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  1. ^ Stephen, Martin (1988), Sea Battles in Close Up World War 2, 2, Naval Institute Press, m/s. 53, ISBN 1-55750-758-9, One way of dealing with Malta would have been an airborne invasion but Hitler would not countenance such a thing, especially after the pyrrhic casualties of the Crete victory.
  2. ^ Buell, Thomas; Greiss, Thomas (2002), The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean, Square One Publishers, m/s. 101, ISBN 0-7570-0160-2, The rank and file on both sides fought tenaciously on Crete, and in the end the Germans could claim only a pyrrhic victory.
  3. ^ Wright, Robert; Greenwood, John (2007), Airborne forces at war, Naval Institute Press, m/s. 9, ISBN 1-59114-028-5, The seizure of Crete was a strategic but Pyrrhic victory for Germany that was brought at the price of future German airborne operations.
  4. ^ (PDF) (dalam bahasa Yunani). m/s. 10 http://www.geetha.mil.gr/media/1maxikritis/maxi-kritis-1941.pdf. Dicapai pada 7 Mei 2010. 474 officers and 10,977 soldiers Missing or empty |title= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ Battle of Crete: Greece sacrificed much for the greater good
  6. ^ Long 1953, halaman 210.
  7. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, halaman 403
  8. ^ New Zealand History online
  9. ^ Maloney, Shane (Julai 2006). "Bogin, Hopit". The Monthly.

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Pautan luar

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Koordinat: 35°13′N 24°55′E / 35.217°N 24.917°E / 35.217; 24.917

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