Wikipedia

Liga Hansa

Liga Hansa (Jerman: Deutsche Hanse; Belanda: De Hanze; Latin: Hansa Teutonica)[1] adalah gabungan kelompok-kelompok saudagar komersial dan pertahanan serta bandar pasar yang pernah wujud serata pantai timur Eropah Tengah. Liga ini lama menguasai perdagangan laut Baltik selama berkurun-kurun lamanya daripada asasnya sebagai gabungan beberapa kota di Jerman Utara pada akhir tahun 1100-an. Gabungan ini menjangkau dari laut Baltik hinggalah ke Laut Utara dan jauh ke darat semasa Akhir Zaman Pertengahan dan merosost secara perlahan-lahan selepas tahun 1450.

Peta menunjukkan peluasan pengaruh Liga Hansa serata Eropah Utara tahun 1400

Hansa[2] merupakan perkataan bahasa Jerman Tinggi lama merujuk kepada "iringan" yakni kelompok saudagar yang diiring berurusan dagang antara kota-kota daratan atau tepi laut ini.[3]

Gabungan ini dibentuk bagi melindungi kepentingan ekonomi dan keistimewaan diplomatik gencana dalam kota dan negara sokongan mereka serta laluan yang digunakan para saudagar untuk perniagaan mereka. Gabungan ini mempunyai sistem perundangan mereka sendiri serta balatentera untuk tujuan pertolongan dan perlindungan bersama. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidaklah merupakan sebuah negara yang tersendiri mahupun suatu gabungan negara kota - hanyak segelintir sahaja kota yang mendapat kebebasan dan keistimewaan berautonomi dalam Liga ini yang setaraf dengan kota yang mempunyai perwakilan sendiri dalam sesebuah empayar (kota imperial bebas, free imperial city).[4]

Pentadbiran

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Kota-kota anggota

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Nama-nama bahagian kuarter disingkat dalam jadual:

  • Wend: kuarter Wend dan Pomerania[5] (atau Wend saja)[6]:120
  • Sachsen: kuarter Sachsen, Thuringen dan Brandenburg[5] (atau Sachsen saja)[6]:120
  • Baltik: kuarter Prusia, Livonia dan Sweden[5] (atau Baltik Timur)[6]:120
  • Westfalen: kuarter Rhein-Westfalen dan Belanda[5] (atau Rheinland)[6]:120
  • Kontor: bukanlah kota anggota Hansa, namun pos dagang asing milik Liga ini.
Kuarter Kota Kawasan Kini dirangkum dalam Tahun masuk Tahunkeluar Notes Rujukan
Wend
 
Lübeck
 
Free City of Lübeck 		  Jerman Kota pusat liga, kota lingkungan-lingkungan Wend dan Pomerania
Wend
 
Hamburg
 
Free City of Hamburg 		  Jerman
Wend
 
Lüneburg
 
Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 		  Jerman
Wend
 
Wismar
 
Duchy of Mecklenburg 		  Jerman Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wend towns (1293 onwards).
Wend
 
Rostock
 
Duchy of Mecklenburg 		  Jerman Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293).
Wend
 
Stralsund
 
Principality of Rügen 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01293.&&&&&01,293 Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wend towns (1293 onwards). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Stralsund menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Greifswald, Demmin dan Anklam.
Wend
 
Demmin
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Jerman Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Demmin menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Stralsund, Greifswald dan Anklam.
Wend
 
Greifswald
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Jerman Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Greifswald menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.
Wend
 
Anklam
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Jerman Menyertai Perjanjian Damai Rostock 1283 selama 10 tahun - ia duluan persekutuan kota Wend (sejak 1293). Dari 1339 sampailah ke abad ke-17, Anklam menganggotai Vierstädtebund bersama Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.
Wend
 
Stettin (Szczecin)
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Poland &&&&&&&&&&&01278.&&&&&01,278 Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wend towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns to its east
Wend
 
Pasewalk
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Jerman
Wend
 
Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Poland
Wend
 
Rügenwalde (Darłowo)
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Poland
Wend
 
Stolp (Słupsk)
 
Duchy of Pomerania 		  Poland
Baltik
 
Visby
 
Kingdom of Sweden 		  Sweden &&&&&&&&&&&01470.&&&&&01,470 In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined bersama Sweden.[perlu rujukan] In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, bersama Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.
Baltik
 
Stockholm
 
Kingdom of Sweden 		  Sweden
Sachsen
 
Brunswick
 
Duchy of Saxony 		  Jerman 13th century 17th century Capital of the Sachsen, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle
Sachsen
 
Bremen
 
Free City of Bremen 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01260.&&&&&01,260
Sachsen
 
Magdeburg
 
Archbishopric of Magdeburg 		  Jerman 13th century Capital of the Sachsen, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle
Sachsen
 
Goslar
 
Imperial City of Goslar 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01267.&&&&&01,267 &&&&&&&&&&&01566.&&&&&01,566 Goslar merupakan fief Saxony sehingga tahun 1280.
Sachsen
 
Erfurt
 
Archbishopric of Mainz 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01430.&&&&&01,430
Sachsen
 
Stade
 
Archbishopric of Bremen 		  Jerman
Sachsen
 
Berlin
 
Margraviate of Brandenburg 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01442.&&&&&01,442 Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elektor Frederick II menyebabkan semua kota Brandenburg keluar dari Liga tahun 1442..
Sachsen
 
Frankfurt an der Oder
 
Margraviate of Brandenburg 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01430.&&&&&01,430 &&&&&&&&&&&01442.&&&&&01,442 Elektor Frederick II menyebabkan semua kota Brandenburg keluar dari Liga tahun 1442..
Baltik
 
Gdańsk - Danzig (Gdańsk)
 
Teutonic Order 		  Poland &&&&&&&&&&&01358.&&&&&01,358 Kota lingkungan-lingkungan Prusia, Livonia dan Sweden (atau Baltik Timur). Danzig had been first a part of the Duci Pomerelia, a fief of the Polish Crown, with Polish-Kashubian population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 sehingga 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia including Gdańsk sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Poland.
Baltik
 
Elbing (Elbląg)
 
Teutonic Order 		  Poland &&&&&&&&&&&01358.&&&&&01,358 Elbing pada asalnya sebahagian Old Prussians, sehingga 1230-an when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Poland.
Baltik
 
Thorn (Toruń)
 
Teutonic Order 		  Poland &&&&&&&&&&&01280.&&&&&01,280 Toruń sebahagian daripada State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 sehingga 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Poland.
Baltik
 
Kraków
 
Kingdom of Poland 		  Poland &&&&&&&&&&&01370.&&&&&01,370 &&&&&&&&&&&01500.&&&&&01,500 Kraków ibukota Kerajaan Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated bersama Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.
Baltik
 
Breslau, (Wrocław)
 
Kingdom of Bohemia 		  Poland &&&&&&&&&&&01387.&&&&&01,387 &&&&&&&&&&&01474.&&&&&01,474 Breslau, a part of the Duci Breslau and the Kerajaan Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings
Baltik
 
Königsberg (Kaliningrad)
 
Teutonic Order 		  Rusia &&&&&&&&&&&01340.&&&&&01,340 Königsberg kota markas Teutonic Order, becoming the capital of Ducal Prussia on the Order's secularisation in 1466. Ducal Prussia was a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown sehingga gaining its independence in the 1660 Perjanjian Oliva. Kota ini dinamakan semula sebagai Kaliningrad tahun 1946 berikutan pembahagian Prusia Timur antara Republik Rakyat Poland dan Kesatuan Soviet semasa Persidangan Potsdam.
Baltik
 
Riga
 
Terra Mariana (Livonia) 		  Latvia &&&&&&&&&&&01282.&&&&&01,282 During the Livonian War (1558–83), Riga became a Free imperial city sehingga the 1581 Perjanjian Drohiczyn ceded Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sehingga the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).
Baltik
 
Reval (Tallinn)
 
Terra Mariana (Livonia) 		  Estonia &&&&&&&&&&&01285.&&&&&01,285 On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold, bersama the rest of northern Estonia, to the Teutonic Order in 1346. After the Livonian War (1558–83), northern Estonia became a part of the Swedish Empire.
Baltik
 
Dorpat (Tartu)
 
Terra Mariana (Livonia) 		  Estonia 1280s The Bishopric of Dorpat gained increasing autonomy within the Terra Mariana. During the Livonian War (1558–83), Dorpat fell under the rule of the Grand Duci Lithuania, with the 1581 Perjanjian Drohiczyn definitively ceding Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sehingga the city was captured by Sweden in the Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625).
Westfalen
 
Cologne
 
Imperial City of Cologne 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01669.&&&&&01,669 Capital of the Rhine-Westfalen and Netherlands Circle sehingga after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (Jerman: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made capital of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.
Westfalen
 
Dortmund
 
Imperial City of Dortmund 		  Jerman After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made capital of the Rhine-Westfalen and Netherlands Circle.
Westfalen
 
Deventer
 
Bishopric of Utrecht 		  Belanda &&&&&&&&&&&01000.&&&&&01,000 &&&&&&&&&&&01500.&&&&&01,500
Westfalen
 
Kampen
 
Bishopric of Utrecht 		  Belanda &&&&&&&&&&&01441.&&&&&01,441
Westfalen
 
Groningen
 
Friesland 		  Belanda
Westfalen
 
Münster
 
Prince-Bishopric of Münster 		  Jerman
Westfalen
 
Osnabrück
 
Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück 		  Jerman 12th century
Westfalen
 
Soest
 
Imperial City of Soest 		  Jerman &&&&&&&&&&&01609.&&&&&01,609 The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne sehingga acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned bersama Duci Cleves.

Pelabuhan dengan pejabat berhubungan Liga

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Kota lain dengan hubungan Hansa tersendiri

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Rujukan

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  44. ^ Mehler, Natascha (October 2010). "The Operation of International Trade in Iceland and Shetland (ca 1400–1700)". University of Vienna. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2011-07-24. Dicapai pada 15 May 2011.

Pautan luar

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