Kristian di Afrika

Agama Kristian di Afrika mula-mula tiba di Mesir pada kira-kira 50 Masihi. Menjelang akhir abad ke-2 ia telah sampai ke kawasan sekitar Carthage. Pada abad ke-4, empayar Aksumite di Habsyah dan Eritrea zaman moden menjadi salah satu kawasan pertama di dunia yang mengadopsi agama Kristian sebagai agama rasminya. Kerajaan Nubia Nobatia, Makuria dan Alodia mengikuti dua abad kemudian. Dari akhir abad kelima dan awal abad keenam, kawasan ini termasuk beberapa kerajaan Barbar Kristian.^[1] Orang penting Afrika yang mempengaruhi perkembangan awal agama Kristian dan membentuk doktrin Kristian termasuk Tertullian, Perpetua, Felicity, Clement dari Iskandariah, Asal-usul Iskandariah, Cyprian, Athanasius, dan Agustinus dari Hippo.^[2]^[3]

Penaklukan Islam ke Afrika Utara membawa tekanan kepada orang Kristian untuk memeluk Islam kerana cukai khas yang dikenakan ke atas orang bukan Islam dan tekanan sosio-ekonomi lain di bawah pemerintahan Islam.^[4] Gereja Ortodoks Timur Iskandariah dan Gereja Ortodoks Koptik Iskandariah (yang berpisah antara satu sama lain semasa Perpecahan Chalcedonian) di Mesir dan Gereja Ortodoks Tewahedo (yang berpecah kepada Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Habsyah dan Gereja Tewahedo Ortodoks Eritrea) di Tanduk Afrika terselamat pencerobohan umat Islam. Pengislaman wilayah yang dikuasai Muslim berlaku secara progresif dalam beberapa abad akan datang, walaupun proses ini tidak difahami sepenuhnya oleh ahli sejarah.^[5]^[4] Sekatan ke atas pembinaan gereja dan perobohan gereja di Mesir, bersama-sama dengan penganiayaan sekali-sekala seperti semasa pemerintahan al-Hakim (996–1021), memberi tekanan tambahan kepada Copts di Mesir.^[6]^[7]^(p23)^[8] Empayar Habsyah adalah satu-satunya kawasan Afrika yang masih hidup sebagai negara Kristian selepas pengembangan Islam.^[9] Gereja Habsyah mempunyai adat resam tersendiri dan kanon Alkitab yang unik. Oleh itu, komuniti gereja Habsyah adalah unik secara global kerana ia tidak dikristiankan melalui mubaligh Eropah, tetapi sangat bebas dan dengan sendirinya menyebarkan mubaligh ke seluruh Afrika sebelum orang Kristian Eropah berhubung dengan benua itu. Walau bagaimanapun, gereja-gereja P'ent'ay adalah karya reformasi Protestan dalam agama Kristian Habsyah.^[10] Kedudukan ketua Gereja Katolik Afrika (Keuskupan Agung Carthage), satu-satunya yang dibenarkan untuk berkhotbah di benua itu, adalah milik uskup Maghribi pada tahun 1246.^[11] Keuskupan Marrakesh terus wujud sehingga akhir abad ke-16.^[12]

Rujukan

^ Isichei, Elizabeth (1995). A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. m/s. 42. ISBN 978-1-4674-2081-5.
^ Agbaw-Ebai, Maurice Ashley; Levering, Matthew (27 Disember 2021). Joseph Ratzinger and the Future of African Theology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-6667-0360-3.
^ Avis, Paul (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Ecclesiology. Oxford University Press. m/s. 627-628. ISBN 9780191081378.
^ ^a ^b Simonsohn, Uriel (2017). "Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages" (PDF). Medieval Worlds. 6: 196–216. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s196.
^ Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pearson/Longman. m/s. 199–201. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt". Refworld (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 15 Jun 2020.
^ Brett, Michael (2005). "Population and Conversion to Islam in Egypt in the Mediaeval Period". Dalam Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, J. Van (penyunting). Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV: Proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 2000 and May 2001 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Peeters Publishers. m/s. 1–32. ISBN 978-90-429-1524-4.
^ N. Swanson, Mark (2010). The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517). American Univ in Cairo Press. m/s. 54. ISBN 9789774160936. By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...
^ "HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA". historyworld.net.
^ http://www.africanchristian.org African Christianity
^ Olga Cecilia Méndez González (April 2013). Thirteenth Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011. Orbis Books. ISBN 9781843838098., page 103-104
^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 5. BRILL. 1993. ISBN 9004097910.

Bacaan lanjut

Cinnamon, John M. "Missionary expertise, social science, and the uses of ethnographic knowledge in colonial Gabon." History in Africa 33 (2006): 413-432. online

Froise, Marjorie. Southern Africa : a factual portrait of the Christian Church in South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (1989) online
Froise, Marjorie. World Christianity : South Central Africa : a factual portrait of the Christian church (1991) online

Hastings, Adrian. A history of African Christianity, 1950-1975 (Cambridge University Press, 1979).
Hastings Adrian. Church and mission in modern Africa (1967) online
Hastings Adrian. The Church in Africa, 1450–1950 (Clarendon, 1995). online
Isichei, Elizabeth. A history of Christianity in Africa: From antiquity to the present (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1995) online.

Lamport, Mark A. ed. Encyclopedia of Christianity in the global south (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018)

Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The Great Century: North Africa and Asia 1800 A.D. to 1914 A.D. (A History of The Expansion of Christianity, Volume 5) (1943), Comprehensive scholarly coverage. full text online also online review;

Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A history of the expansion of Christianity. 6. The great century in the Americas, Australasia, and Africa. 1800–1914 (1943) online review

Latourette, Kenneth Scott. The twentieth century outside Europe : the Americas, the Pacific, Asia, and Africa : the emerging world Christian community (1962) online

Meyer, Birgit. "Christianity in Africa: From African independent to Pentecostal-charismatic churches." Annual Review of Anthropology 33 (2004): 447-474. online

Neill, Stephen. A History of Christian Missions (1986), Global coverage over 19 centuries in 624 pages; online book also see. online review
Ranger, T.O. and John Weller, eds. Themes in the Christian history of Central Africa (1975) online

Pensejarahan dan ingatan

Bongmba, Elias Kifon. "Writing African Christianity: Perspectives from the History of the Historiography of African Christianity." Religion and Theology 23.3-4 (2016): 275-312. online
Etherington. Norman. "Recent Trends in the Historiography of Christianity in Southern Africa" in Critical Readings in The History of Christian Mission: volume 3" ed by Martha Frederiks and Dorottya Nagy. (Brill, 2021) pp 39–66.
Hastings, Adrian. "African Christian studies, 1967-1999: Reflections of an editor." Journal of religion in Africa 30#1 (2000): 30-44. online

Maluleke, Tinyiko Sam. "The Quest for Muted Black Voices in History: Some Pertinent Issues in (South) African Mission Historiography" in Critical Readings in The History of Christian Mission: volume 3" ed by Martha Frederiks and Dorottya Nagy. (Brill, 2021) pp 95–115.
Maxwell, David. "Writing the history of African Christianity: Reflections of an editor." Journal of religion in Africa 36.3-4 (2006): 379-399.

Pautan luar

[1] Isichei, Elizabeth (1995). A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. m/s. 42. ISBN 978-1-4674-2081-5.

[2] Agbaw-Ebai, Maurice Ashley; Levering, Matthew (27 Disember 2021). Joseph Ratzinger and the Future of African Theology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-6667-0360-3.

[3] Avis, Paul (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Ecclesiology. Oxford University Press. m/s. 627-628. ISBN 9780191081378.

[:0-4] Simonsohn, Uriel (2017). "Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages" (PDF). Medieval Worlds. 6: 196–216. doi:10.1553/medievalworlds_no6_2017s196.

[:1-5] Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pearson/Longman. m/s. 199–201. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.

[Refugees-6] Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt". Refworld (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 15 Jun 2020.

[:2-7] Brett, Michael (2005). "Population and Conversion to Islam in Egypt in the Mediaeval Period". Dalam Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, J. Van (penyunting). Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV: Proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 2000 and May 2001 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Peeters Publishers. m/s. 1–32. ISBN 978-90-429-1524-4.

[:3-8] N. Swanson, Mark (2010). The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517). American Univ in Cairo Press. m/s. 54. ISBN 9789774160936. By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...

[9] "HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA". historyworld.net.

[10] ttp://www.africanchristian.org African Christianity

[Olga-11] Olga Cecilia Méndez González (April 2013). Thirteenth Century England XIV: Proceedings of the Aberystwyth and Lampeter Conference, 2011. Orbis Books. ISBN 9781843838098., page 103-104

[MTh-12] E.J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936, Volume 5. BRILL. 1993. ISBN 9004097910.

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