Braille bahasa Urdu
Menurut UNESCO (2013),[1] terdapat abjad braille yang berbeza untuk Urdu di India dan di Pakistan. Abjad India berdasarkan Braille Bharati negara, manakala abjad Pakistan berdasarkan Braille Parsi.
| Braille bahasa Urdu Pakistan Braille Urdu Pakistan | |
|---|---|
| Jenis tulisan | |
Asas cetakan | abjad Urdu |
| Bahasa-bahasa | bahasa Urdu (di Pakistan) |
| Tulisan berkaitan | |
Sistem tulisan induk | Braille
|
| Braille bahasa Urdu India Braille Urdu India | |
|---|---|
| Jenis tulisan | (?) |
Asas cetakan | aksara Dewanagari |
| Bahasa-bahasa | bahasa Urdu (di India) |
| Tulisan berkaitan | |
Sistem tulisan induk | Braille
|
Abjad
sunting- Catatan: Tidak jelas adakah ini dari kanan ke kiri atau kiri ke kanan. Arah beberapa dwihuruf mungkin membingungkan.
| Cetakan | Pakistan | India | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | – |  |
(?) |
| آ | ā | 
| |
| ب | b | 
| |
| بھ | bh |  |
|
| پ | p | 
| |
| پھ | ph | 
| |
| ت | t | 
| |
| تھ | th |  |
|
| ٹ | ṭ |  [2] |
|
| ٹھ | ṭh |  [2] |
|
| ث | ṯ /s/ | |
|
| ج | j | 
| |
| جھ | jh | 
| |
| چ | c | 
| |
| چھ | ch | 
| |
| ح | ḥ | 
| |
| خ | x | 
| |
| د | d | 
| |
| دھ | dh |  [3] |
|
| ڈ | ḍ |  |
|
| ڈھ | ḍh | [3] |
|
| ذ | ḏ /z/ | |
|
| ر | r | 
| |
| ڑ | ṛ | 
| |
| ڑھ | ṛh | [3] |
|
| ز | z | 
| |
| ژ | ž | [4] |
|
| س | s | 
| |
| ش | š | 
| |
| ص | ṡ /s/ | 
| |
| ض | ḋ /z/ | |
|
| ط | ṫ /t/ | |
|
| ظ | ż /z/ | |
|
| ع | ‘ | 
| |
| غ | ğ |  |
|
| ف | f | 
| |
| ق | q | 
| |
| ک | k | 
| |
| کھ | kh | [3] |
|
| گ | g |
| |
| گھ | gh | [3] |
|
| ل | l | 
| |
| م | m | 
| |
| ن | n | 
| |
| ں | (sengau) | 
| |
| و | v/w | |
v  ū ō au
|
| ه | h | 
| |
| ء | ’ |  |
(?) |
| ی | y |  |
y  ī 
|
| ے | ē |  |
ē  ai
|
| َ◌ | a |  |
(?) |
| ِ◌ | i | |
(sama?) |
| ُ◌ | u |  |
(sama?) |
| ّ◌ | (dbl) |  |
(?) |
Tidak jelas adakah vokal dalam braille Urdu India mengikuti pengucapan dan padanan braille Dewanagari, atau ortografi cetakan.
Pemendekan
suntingBraille Urdu Pakistan mempunyai beberapa pemendekan di luar konsonan embus:
Tanda baca
suntingTanda baca asas di Pakistan sama seperti India. Lihat Braille Bharati#Tanda baca.
Lihat juga
suntingRujukan
sunting- ^ World Braille Usage, UNESCO, 2013
- ^ a b Or perhaps the reverse, ⠕ ṭ and ⠪ ṭh. (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff.)
- ^ a b c d e Not specifically attested. Assumed from the assignment of ⠦ to the print digraph element ھ.
- ^ Or perhaps a single glyph, ⠽ ž (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff), though according to UNESCO, that is the braille glyph for يا yā.
- ^ a b A duplication in the UNESCO reference, presumably an error. ⠔ may be ان instead, in which case ⠑ is probably also a mistake for اس. It appears that UNESCO got the letters backwards for several of the contractions.
- ^ Written hamza–alif, but labeled alif–hamza.