Bahasa-bahasa Turki
(Dilencongkan daripada Bahasa Turkic)
Bahasa-bahasa Turkik ialah sebuah keluarga bahasa sekurang-kurangnya tiga puluh lima[2] bahasa, ditutur oleh orang Turkik daripada Eropah Tenggara dan Mediterranean ke Siberia dan China Barat, dan dicadangkan untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada keluarga bahasa Altai yang berkontroversi.[3][4]
| Turkik | |
|---|---|
| Taburan geografi: | Dari Eropah Tenggara ke China Barat dan Siberia |
| Klasifikasi bahasa: | Altai (specify language family under 'fam1')
|
| Bahasa-proto: | Proto-Turkik |
| Pembahagian: |
|
| ISO 639-5: | trk |
| Glottolog: | turk1311[1] |
 Negara-negara dan subdivisi autonomi di mana bahasa Turki mempunyai status rasmi dan/atau dituturkan oleh majoriti | |
Ahli-ahli
sunting| Proto-Turkik | Turkik Am | Turkik Am Barat Daya (Oghuz)
|
| ||
| Oghuz Barat |
| ||||
| Oghuz Timur | |||||
| Oghuz Selatan | |||||
| (Arghu) | |||||
| Turkik Am Barat Laut (Kipcak)
|
| ||||
| Kipcak Barat | |||||
| Kipcak Utara (Turkik Volga–Ural) | |||||
| Kipcak Selatan (Aral-Kaspia) | |||||
| Turkik Am Tenggara (Karluk)
|
Barat | ||||
| Timur | |||||
| Turkik Am Timur Laut (Siberian) | Siberia Utara | ||||
| Siberia Selatan | Turkik Sayan | ||||
| Turkik Yenisei |
| ||||
| Turkik Culym |
| ||||
| Turkik Altai[8] |
| ||||
| Oghur |
(pupus) | ||||
Rujukan
sunting- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, penyunting (2017). "Turkik". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Dybo A.V., "Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks", Moskow, 2007, p. 766, [1] Diarkibkan 2005-03-11 di Wayback Machine (In Russian)
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Altaic". Dicapai pada 2007-03-18.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ^ Katzner, Kenneth (March 2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-415-25004-7.
- ^ Khalaj dikelilingi oleh bahasa-bahasa Oghuz tetapi menunjukkan beberapa ciri-ciri yang menggolongkannya sebagai bukan Oghuz.
- ^ Bahasa Tatar Krimea dan Urum pada asalnya bahasa Kipcak tetapi amat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa-bahasa Oghuz.
- ^ Tura, Baraba, Tomsk, Tümen, Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, dsb. sebahagiannya lain asal-usulnya (Johanson 1998) [2]
- ^ a b c "turcologica". Dicapai pada 22 February 2017.
- ^ Menyimpang. Pernah berkembang dari rumpun Oghuz (Johanson 1998) [3]
- ^ Bahasa Aini banyak kosa kata Parsi, hanya dituturkan oleh lelaki dewasa, seakan-akan kriptoolek.
- ^ Coene 2009, p. 75
- ^ Coene 2009, p. 75
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Contributors Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (ed. revised). Elsevier. 2010. m/s. 1109. ISBN 0080877753. Dicapai pada 24 April 2014.CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Johanson, Lars, penyunting (1998). The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 28. ISBN 3447038640. Dicapai pada 24 April 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bacaan lanjut
sunting- Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (Rusia)
- Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (Rusia)
- Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. "Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (Rusia)
- Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
- Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125.[2]
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[3]
- Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
- Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.[4]
- Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
- Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
- Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
Pautan luar
sunting- Turkic Languages Verb Comparison
- Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia Diarkibkan 2012-04-11 di Wayback Machine
- The LINGUIST List MultiTree Project: Turkic Family Tree
- Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
- Map of Turkic languages
- Classification of Turkic Languages
- Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
- Bahasa-bahasa Turki di Curlie
- Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary Diarkibkan 2008-05-17 di Wayback Machine
- A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
- The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell Diarkibkan 2020-11-12 di Wayback Machine with illustrations.
- Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Templat:Turkic languages Templat:Turkic topics Templat:Altaic languages Templat:Language families