Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama

Fil Marsyal Arthur Wellesley, Duke Wellington Pertama, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (1 Mei 1769 – 14 September 1852), ialah seorang askar dan negarawan British, kelahiran Ireland daripada sebuah keluarga Inggeris-Ireland,^[1] dan seorang daripada tokoh tentera dan politik terkemuka dalam abad ke-19. Beliau sering dirujuk sebagai "Duke Wellington", mahupun selepas kematiannya, walaupun terdapat penyandang-penyandang gelaran Duke Wellington selepas beliau.

Wellesley menonjol sebagai seorang jeneral semasa kempen Semenanjung, sebahagian daripada kempen Peperangan Napoleon, dan dinaikkan ke pangkat Fil Marsyal selepas mengetuai angkatan bersekutu dalam mengalahkan pihak Perancis dalam Pertempuran Vitoria dalam tahun 1813. Berikutan pembuangan negeri Napoleon dalam tahun 1814, beliau berkhidmat sebagai duta ke Perancis dan dianugerahkan dengan sebuah duci^[2] yang membawa kepada gelaran "Duke". Dalam waktu Seratus Hari (atau Seratus Hari Napoleon) dalam tahun 1815, beliau mengetuai tentera bersekutu yang bersama-sama Tentera Darat Prusia di bawah Fil Marsyal Blücher, menewaskan Napoleon dalam Pertempuran Waterloo. Rekod pertempuran Wellesley amat terpuji dan beliau pada akhirnya terlibat dalam 60 pertempuran sepanjang kerjaya tenteranya.^[3]

Ibu kota negara New Zealand iaitu Wellington dinamakan sempena beliau.^[4]

Baton-baton Fil Marsyal Duke Wellington

Baton-baton Duke Wellington; daripada suatu turisan dalam The Illustrated London News (11 Disember 1852): 532, dicetak selepas kematiannya. 1. Portugis; 2. Prusia; 3. England; 4. Belanda; 5. Sepanyol; 6. Hanover (melintang ditengah turisan); 7. Austria; 8. Rusia.

Duke Wellington memiliki banyak gelaran dan anugerah termasuk pangkat Fil Marsyal atau setaraf dengannya dalam lapan angkatan tentera negara. Setiap negara menyediakan beliau dengan satu baton sebagai simbol pangkatnya. Baton-baton yang ada telah dipamerkan di Apsley House London iaitu kediaman lama Duke Wellington.^[5]

Pangkat tentera

Pada hari pengkebumian Wellington pangkat-pangkat tenteranya telah dinyatakan sebagai:^[6]

Fil Marsyal dan Panglima Besar Angkatan Baginda Ratu (Tentera Darat British)
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Austria
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Hanover
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Belanda
Marsyal Jeneral Tentera Darat Portugis
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Prusia
Fil Marsyal Tentera Darat Rusia
Kapten Jeneral Tentera Darat Sepanyol

Nota

^ Severn (2007). p. 13.
^ Wilayah atau orang-orang yang diletakkan di bawah penguasaan Duke. Takrif Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
^ Roberts, Andrew (Updated 17 February 2011). "The Duke of Wellington: Soldiering to Glory". BBC. Dicapai pada 27 November 2009. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
^ Wakefield, Edward Jerningham (1845). Adventure in New Zealand. 1. John Murray.
^ Jervis & Tomlin 1997, m/s. 26.
^ LG staff 1852, m/s. 3563.

Rujukan

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Chesney, Charles C. (1907). Waterloo Lectures: A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815. Longmans, Green, and Co. ISBN 1-4286-4988-3.
Chandler, David (1987). Napoleon's Marshals. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79124-9.
Corrigan, Gordon (2006 [First published 2001]). Wellington: A Military Life. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-515-4. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Gates, David (2002 [First published 1986]). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-9730-9. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Gere, J.A. (1981). Sparrow, John (penyunting). Geoffrey Madan's Notebooks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-215870-3.
Gifford, C.A. (1817 [First published 1974]). The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington. London: W.Lewis. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Glover, Michael (2001). The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-139041-3.
Griffiths, Major Arthur (1897). The Wellington Memorial: Wellington, His Comrades and Contemporaries, chapters IV and 211. Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
Guedalla, Phillip (1997 [First published 1931]). The Duke. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-85326-679-9. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Haythornthwaite, Philip J (1998). Weapons & Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-85409-495-7.
Hibbert, Christopher (1997). Wellington: A Personal History. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-201-63232-3.
Hofschröer, Peter (1999). 1815: The Waterloo Campaign: The German Victory. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-368-9.
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Lambert, Andrew (2005). Nelson: Britannia's God of War. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21227-9.
Longford, Elizabeth (1971 [First published 1969]). Wellington: The Years of The Sword. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-586-03548-1. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Longford, Elizabeth (2012 [First published 1992]). Wellington. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 978-0-349-12350-9. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Millar, Simon (2006). Assaye 1803: Wellington's Bloodiest Battle. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-001-7.
Montgomerie, Viva Seton (1955). My Scrapbook of Memories. Privately published.
Morgan, Matthew (2004). Wellington's Victories: A Guide to Sharpe's Army. London: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84317-093-8.
Neillands, Robin (2003). Wellington & Napoleon: Clash of Arms. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-926-5.
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Parry, D.H. (1900). Battle of the nineteenth century. 1. London: Cassell and Company.
Roberts, Andrew (2003 [First published 2001]). Napoleon and Wellington: The Long Duel. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-1390-4. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1999). Keegan, John (penyunting). The Napoleonic Wars. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35267-8.
Scott, Johnny; Wright, Clarissa D. (2006). Sunday Roast. Kyle Cathie. ISBN 978-1-85626-672-7.
Severn, John (2007). Architects of Empire: The Duke of Wellington and His Brothers. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3810-7.
Siborne, William (1990 [First published 1844]). The Waterloo Campaign. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-069-3. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Sinnema, Prof. Peter W. (2006). The Wake of Wellington: Englishness in 1852. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1679-2.
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Freeman's Journal and Daily Commercial Advertiser (1830). Dublin, Ireland.

Bacaan lanjut

Beatson, Alexander (1800). A collection of the Duke's letters. A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun. Bulmer and Co.
Brett-James, Antony. ed. (1961). Wellington at War 1794–1815. New York: St. Martin's Press.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Coates, Berwick (2003). Wellington's Charge: A Portrait of the Duke's England. London: Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-653-5.
Brialmont, Henri Alexis (1856–1857). Life of the Duke of Wellington, 3 volumes. Guyot et Stapleaux.
Davies, Huw (2012). Wellington's War: The Making of a Military Genius. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16417-6.
Drew, Joseph (1852). A Biographical Sketch of the Military and Political Career of the late Duke of Wellington: including the most interesting particulars of his death, Lying in State and Public Funeral, illus. with engravings. Weymouth.
Ellis, Peter Berresford (2000 [First published 1985]). The Celtic Revolution: A Study in Anti-Imperialism. Talybont, Wales: Y LotraCyf. ISBN 978-0-86243-096-2. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)
Harrington, Jack (2011). Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1.
Hilbert, Charles (2005). Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, time and conflicts in India on behalf of the British East India Company and the British crown. 7. Military Heritage.
Hutchinson, Lester (1964). European Freebooters in Mogul India. New York: Asia Publishing House.
Ibbotson, Eva (2000). Which Witch?. Puffin. ISBN 978-0-14-130427-4.
Mill, James (1997 [First published 1818]). The History of British India. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15382-9. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan); Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)

Ward, S.G.P. (1957). Wellington's Headquarters: A Study of the Administrative Problems in the Peninsula 1809–1814. Oxford University Press.
Weller, Jac (1998). Wellington at Waterloo. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-339-9.
Wellesley, Arthur; Gurwood, John (1838). The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington: During his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818 Vol. X.. London: John Murray.

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