Alternatif untuk Jerman
Alternatif untuk Jerman (Bahasa Jerman: Alternative für Deutschland, AfD) merupakan sebuah parti politik Jerman berfahaman populisme sayap kanan[17][18][19] dan Euroskeptisme.[20][21][22][23]
Alternatif untuk Jerman Alternative für Deutschland | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Singkatan | AfD |
| Ketua | Jörg Meuthen Alexander Gauland |
| Timbalan | Georg Pazderski Kay Gottschalk Albrecht Glaser |
| Ketua parlimen | Alice Weidel Alexander Gauland |
| Ditubuhkan | 6 Februari 2013 |
| Ibu pejabat | Schillstraße 9 10785 Berlin |
| Sayap belia | Pemuda Alternatif |
| Keanggotaan (2017) | ▲ 29,000 [1] |
| Ideologi | Nasionalisme Jerman[2][3][4] Populisme sayap-kanan[5] Euroskeptisisme[6] Konservatisme nasional[7][8] Anti-Islam[9][10][11] Anti-imigrasi[12] Antifeminisme[13] Dahulunya - Liberalisme nasional[14] |
| Kedudukan politik | sayap-kanan[15] hingga pelampau-kanan[16] |
| Penggabungan Eropah | Tiada |
| Kumpulan Parlimen Eropah | EFDD |
| Warna | Biru muda Merah |
| Bundestag | 81 / 736 |
| Parlimen Negeri Jerman | 228 / 1,884 |
| Parlimen Eropah | 9 / 96 |
| Laman sesawang | |
| www | |
| Politik Germany Parti politik Pilihan raya | |
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Parti ini didirikan pada bulan April 2013. Parti ini memenangi 4.7% suara dalam pilihan raya persekutuan negara tersebut pada tahun yang sama dan hampir memperoleh 5% undian untuk melayakkan mendapat kerusi di Bundestag. Pada tahun 2014 pula, parti ini memenangi 7.1% undian iaitu 7 dari 96 kerusi untuk mewakili Jerman dalam Parlimen Eropah melalui pilihanraya yang dilangsungkan pada tahun itu. Serta tergolong dalam kelompok Konservatif dan Reformis Eropah (ECR) sehingga AfD diusir dari kelompok itu pada bulan April 2016 mengikuti aliansi AfD dengan Parti Kemerdekaan Austria. Setelah pemimpin AfD membuat pernyataan kontroversi mengenai suatu usul yang mencadangkan penembakan imigran. Ketika perhimpunan agung parti ini berlangsung pada 30 April 2016, salah seorang anggotanya dalam Parlimen Eropah, Marcus Pretzell telah mengumumkan niatnya untuk menyertai kelompok Eropah Milik Bangsa-bangsa dan kebebasan yang merupakan parti pecahan daripada Barisan Nasional di Perancis.[24]
Pada Mei 2017, anggota parti ini telah menduduki 13 dari 16 kerusi parlimen di negeri-negeri Jerman.[25] Parti ini buat masa sekarang diketuai oleh Frauke Petry dan Jörg Meuthen.
Pemilihan
sunting| Tahun | Undian konstituen | Senarai undian parti | % senarai undian parti | Jumlah kerusi yang dimenangi | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013[26] | 810,915 | 2,056,985 | 4.7% | 0 / 631
|
| Tahun | Bil. undian | % undian | Peringkat | Bil. kerusi yang dimenangi | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014[27] | 2.070.014 | 7,1% | 5 | 7 / 96
|
Parlimen Negeri-Negeri (Landtag)
suntingRujukan
sunting- ^ AfD. 29 December 2017 http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/unionsparteien-verlieren-als-einzige-mitglieder-a-1185418.html. Missing or empty
|title=(bantuan) - ^ Taub, Amanda; Fisher, Max (18 January 2017). "Germany's Extreme Right Challenges Guilt Over Nazi Past". The New York Times.
- ^ "Understanding the 'Alternative for Germany': Origins, Aims and Consequences" (PDF). University of Denver. 16 November 2016. Dicapai pada 29 April 2017.
- ^ Beyer, Susanne; Fleischhauer, Jan (30 March 2016). "AfD Head Frauke Petry: 'The Immigration of Muslims Will Change Our Culture'". Der Spiegel.
- ^ "Germany's populist AfD: from anti-euro to anti-migrant". France 24. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 14 March 2016. Dicapai pada 13 March 2016.
- ^
- Tom Lansford, penyunting (2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. SAGE Publications. m/s. 532. ISBN 978-1-4833-3327-4.
- Kemal Dervis; Jacques Mistral (2014). "Overview". Dalam Kemal Dervis; Jacques Mistral (penyunting). Europe's Crisis, Europe's Future. Brookings Institution Press. m/s. 13. ISBN 978-0-8157-2554-1.
- Robert Ladrech (2014). "Europeanization of National Politics: the centrality of politics parties". Dalam José M. Magone (penyunting). Routledge Handbook of European Politics. Routledge. m/s. 580. ISBN 978-1-317-62836-1.
- William T. Daniel (2015). Career Behaviour and the European Parliament: All Roads Lead Through Brussels?. Oxford University Press. m/s. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-871640-2.
- ^ "Parties and Election in Europe". 2014.
- ^ Simon Franzmann (2015). "The Failed Struggle for Office Instead of Votes". Dalam Gabriele D'Ottavio; Thomas Saalfeld (penyunting). Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?. Ashgate. m/s. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-4724-4439-4.
- ^
- "Thousands rally in Hanover against anti-Islam AfD party". Al Jazeera.com. Al Jazeera Media Network. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
...rally in Hanover against anti-Islam AfD party
- Ellyatt, Holly. "Germany's far-right AfD party: 5 things you need to know". CNBC. CNBC LLC; a Division of NBCUniversal. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
Nowadays, the AfD is mainly known for its anti-immigration (namely, anti-Islamic)
- Dancygier, Rafaela. "The anti-Muslim AfD just scored big in Germany's election. What does this mean for German Muslims?". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
- Pfaffenbach, Kai. "German Election: Anti-Islam AfD Party That Worked With U.S. Ad Agency Predicted To Take Third Place". Newsweek. Newsweek LLC. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
"Sunday’s election in Germany is expected to bring big gains for the hard-right, anti-Islam Alternative for Germany (AfD) party,
- "Thousands rally in Hanover against anti-Islam AfD party". Al Jazeera.com. Al Jazeera Media Network. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
- ^ Zeller, Frank. "Anti-migrant, anti-Muslim and anti-Merkel, Germany's AfD set to enter parliament". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
- ^ Horn, Heather. "The Voters Who Want Islam Out of Germany". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
The AfD’s founder Bernd Lucke, an economics professor, left the party last summer, condemning rising xenophobia.
- ^ "German election: Why this vote matters". BBC News. 2017-09-15. Dicapai pada 2017-09-20.[sumber lebih baik diperlukan]
- ^ *Thomas Gesterkamp: Männerpolitik und Antifeminismus. Diarkibkan 2016-08-13 di Wayback Machine Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, 1/2015.
- "Anti-euro party turns anti-feminist". Thelocal.de. 2014-03-31. Dicapai pada 2017-03-17. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
|dead-url=(bantuan) - Baureithel, Ulrike (9 April 2014). "Die AfD-Jugend under der Antifeminismus". Freitag.de.
- "Anti-euro party turns anti-feminist". Thelocal.de. 2014-03-31. Dicapai pada 2017-03-17. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
|dead-url=(bantuan) - Haeusler, Alexander (2016). Die Alternative für Deutschland: Programmatik, Entwicklung und politische Verortung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. m/s. 205. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
- Flemming, Gilloz & Hairy, Matilda, Oriane & Nima (8 May 2017). "Getting to know you: mapping the anti-feminist face of right-wing populism in Europe". Open Democracy.
- Eul, Alexandra (30 September 2017). "Germany's nationalist party is an ugly sexist one, too". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail INC.
- Dancygier, Rafaela. "The anti-Muslim AfD just scored big in Germany's election. What does this mean for German Muslims?". Missing or empty
|url=(bantuan)
- "Anti-euro party turns anti-feminist". Thelocal.de. 2014-03-31. Dicapai pada 2017-03-17. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
- ^
- Simon Franzmann (2015). "The Failed Struggle for Office Instead of Votes". Dalam Gabriele D'Ottavio; Thomas Saalfeld (penyunting). Germany After the 2013 Elections: Breaking the Mould of Post-Unification Politics?. Ashgate. m/s. 166–167. ISBN 978-1-4724-4439-4.
- "AfD ǀ Die populistische Versuchung — der Freitag" (dalam bahasa Jerman). Freitag.de. 2013-04-15. Dicapai pada 2017-07-20.
- "Politologe analysiert Landtagswahl: "Den Sachsen geht es zu gut"". tagesschau.de. 2014-09-01. Dicapai pada 2017-07-20.
- ^ Germany's populist AfD seeks to turn online 'censorship' to its advantage. Deutsche welle. Published 2 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Germany's right-wing AfD party surges to new high amid concern over refugees.
'Germany’s eurosceptic right-wing party has hit a new all-time high in the opinion polls as concern about migration rises in the country'.
Independent. Author – Jon Stone. Published 13 January 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
New poll shows Alternative for Germany gaining support.
'The right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) has garnered some of its best numbers yet in a nationwide poll'.
Deutsche Welle. Author – Brandon Conradis. Published 23 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
Germany's Right-Wing Challenge.
'All of that is now changing fast, thanks mostly to the rise of the right-wing Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, which is capitalizing on widespread discontent with Merkel’s refugee policy'.
Foreign Affairs. Author – Thorsten Benner.
Published 26 September 2016.
Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Right-wing German party Alternative for Germany adopts anti-Islam policy.
'The right-wing Alternative for Germany party declared that "Islam does not belong in Germany" as it passed its new party manifesto on Sunday'.
Author – Anne-Beatrice Clasmann.
The Sydney Morning Herald. Published 2 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
Germany AfD conference: party adopts anti-Islam policy.
'The German right-wing party Alternative fuer Deutschland (AfD) has adopted an explicitly anti-Islam policy'.
BBC News. Published 1 May 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. - ^
- Germany’s far-right party will make the Bundestag much noisier. The Economist. Published 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- Ehrhardt, Sabine (2 December 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD chooses nationalist as co-leader". Reuters. Reuters. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
- "German election: How right-wing is nationalist AfD?". BBC.com. The BBC. 13 October 2017.
Is it far-right? Yes.
the Alternative for Germany, the first far-right party to enter Parliament in decades,
- Chase, Jefferson Chase (24 September 2017). "AfD: What you need to know about Germany's far-right party". DW.com. Deutsche Welle.
- Schuetz, Simon (10 Oct 2017). "The 'Very Different' Leaders Of Germany's Far-Right AfD Party". NPR.com. National Public Radio.
- Rainer, Buergin (19 November 2017). "German Far-Right AfD Is in Parliament. Now What?". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P.
- Farand, Chloe (21 November 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD says it is 'ready' to take advantage of political stalemate". The Independent.
- Oltermann, Philip (3 Dec 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD sidelines moderates as police and protesters clash". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Dicapai pada 22 January 2018.
- Ellyatt, Holly (25 September 2017). "Germany's far-right AfD party: 5 things you need to know". CNBC. CNBC LLC; a Division of NBCUniversal.
- Kamran Khan; Tim McNamara (2017). "Citizenship, immigration laws, and language". Dalam Suresh Canagarajah (penyunting). The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Taylor & Francis. m/s. 464. ISBN 978-1-317-62434-9.
- ^ Frank Decker (2015). "Follow-up to the Grand Coalition: The Germany Party System before and after the 2013 Federal Election". Dalam Eric Langenbacher (penyunting). The Merkel Republic: An Appraisal. Berghahn Books. m/s. 34–39. ISBN 978-1-78238-896-8.
- ^ Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". Dalam Johannes Jäger; Elisabeth Springler (penyunting). Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. m/s. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4.
- ^ Egbert Jahn (2015). German Domestic and Foreign Policy: Political Issues Under Debate -. Springer. m/s. 30. ISBN 978-3-662-47929-2.
- ^ Tom Lansford, penyunting (2014). Political Handbook of the World 2014. SAGE Publications. m/s. 532. ISBN 978-1-4833-3327-4.
- ^ Kemal Dervis; Jacques Mistral (2014). "Overview". Dalam Kemal Dervis; Jacques Mistral (penyunting). Europe's Crisis, Europe's Future. Brookings Institution Press. m/s. 13. ISBN 978-0-8157-2554-1.
- ^ Robert Ladrech (2014). "Europeanization of National Politics: the centrality of politics parties". Dalam José M. Magone (penyunting). Routledge Handbook of European Politics. Routledge. m/s. 580. ISBN 978-1-317-62836-1.
- ^ William T. Daniel (2015). Career Behaviour and the European Parliament: All Roads Lead Through Brussels?. Oxford University Press. m/s. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-871640-2.
- ^ "German AfD lawmaker to align with faction of France's National Front".
- ^ "Angela Merkel's party suffers election drubbing in 25-year low" (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 18 September 2016. Dicapai pada 18 September 2016.
- ^ "Bundestagswahl am 22. September 2013". Wahlrecht.de (dalam bahasa Jerman). Dicapai pada 2017-04-25.
- ^ "Wahlergebnisse – Europawahl (Europaparlament)". wahlrecht.de (dalam bahasa Jerman). Dicapai pada 2017-04-25.